# subtract -- intent lookup table
# format: glob_pattern<TAB>[tag]<TAB>command
#   tags: [stdout] (default), [player]
#   two-column lines (no tag) default to [stdout] for backwards compat
# first match wins. specific before general.

# children — these entries go first
*godzilla*	echo "Godzilla is a giant monster from Japan, first appearing in a 1954 movie. The name comes from the Japanese word Gojira, combining gorilla and whale. Godzilla has fought over 30 legendary opponents including King Ghidorah, Mothra, Mechagodzilla, and King Kong across more than 35 films — the longest-running film franchise in history."
*what*dinosaur*	echo "Dinosaurs were reptiles that lived millions of years ago. Some were huge like T-Rex, others small as chickens. They went extinct about 66 million years ago when an asteroid hit Earth."
*caterpillar*	echo "A caterpillar is the larva stage of a butterfly or moth. It hatches from an egg and eats leaves to grow bigger. Caterpillars have soft bodies with many segments and tiny legs. When it is big enough, it builds a cocoon or chrysalis and transforms inside."
*cocoon*	echo "A cocoon is a silk covering that a caterpillar spins around itself. Inside the cocoon, the caterpillar changes into a moth. Butterflies make a chrysalis instead of a cocoon, but people use the word cocoon for both. The change inside is called metamorphosis."
*chrysalis*	echo "A chrysalis is the hard shell a butterfly caterpillar makes when it is ready to transform. Inside, the caterpillar's body breaks down and rebuilds into a butterfly. It takes about 10 to 14 days. When it opens, a butterfly comes out with wet wings that need to dry."
*butterfly*	echo "A butterfly is an insect with large colorful wings. It starts as an egg, becomes a caterpillar, forms a chrysalis, and emerges as a butterfly. Butterflies drink nectar from flowers through a long curled tongue called a proboscis. Monarch butterflies migrate thousands of miles."
*moth*	echo "A moth is an insect closely related to a butterfly. Most moths fly at night and are attracted to light. A moth caterpillar spins a cocoon made of silk. Moths have feathery antennae and usually duller colors than butterflies. Some moths, like the luna moth, are very large and beautiful."
*metamorphosis*	echo "Metamorphosis is the process where an animal completely changes its body shape as it grows. A caterpillar becoming a butterfly is metamorphosis. A tadpole becoming a frog is metamorphosis. The word comes from Greek and means 'change of form.'"
*larva*	echo "A larva is the young form of an animal that looks very different from the adult. A caterpillar is the larva of a butterfly. A tadpole is the larva of a frog. A maggot is the larva of a fly. Larvae eat and grow until they are ready to change into their adult form."
*pupa*	echo "A pupa is the stage between larva and adult in insects that undergo metamorphosis. The caterpillar stops eating, attaches to something, and its outer skin hardens into a protective case. Inside, the body completely reorganizes. The pupa does not eat or move. When the transformation is complete, the adult insect emerges."

# edit this file to teach your machine new intents.
# languages: add a section. translate the intents, keep the commands.
#
# --- files ---
what*in*this*directory	ls .
what*in*current*directory	ls .
what*files*are*here	ls .
list*files	ls .
show*hidden*files	ls -la
show*all*files	ls -la
show*file*sizes	ls -lh
show*files	ls .
list*home	ls ~/
what*in*home*directory	ls ~/
# desktop/downloads: remove these if your system doesn't have them
show*desktop	ls ~/Desktop/
show*downloads	ls ~/Downloads/
#
# --- navigation ---
go*home	cd ~/
go*to*home	cd ~/
go*back	cd ..
go*up	cd ..
#
# --- disk ---
how*much*disk*space	df -h
disk*space	df -h
disk*space*left	df -h
check*disk*space	df -h
show*disk*usage	df -h
how*much*space	df -h
how*big*is*this*folder	du -sh .
disk*usage	du -sh *
#
# --- processes ---
show*running*processes	ps -eo pid,%cpu,%mem,args --sort=-%cpu 2>/dev/null | head -20 || ps aux | head -20
show*processes	ps -eo pid,%cpu,%mem,args --sort=-%cpu 2>/dev/null | head -20 || ps aux | head -20
what*is*running	ps -eo pid,%cpu,%mem,args --sort=-%cpu 2>/dev/null | head -20 || ps aux | head -20
kill*process	echo "usage: kill <PID>"
#
# --- time ---
what*time*is*it	date +%T
what*is*the*time	date +%T
what*day*is*it	date +%A
what*is*the*date	date +%Y-%m-%d
what*is*today	date "+%A %Y-%m-%d"
#
# --- network ---
what*is*my*ip	hostname -I 2>/dev/null || ipconfig getifaddr en0
show*my*ip	hostname -I 2>/dev/null || ipconfig getifaddr en0
am*i*online	ping -c1 -W2 8.8.8.8 && echo "yes" || echo "no"
#
# --- system ---
how*much*memory	free -h 2>/dev/null || vm_stat
how*much*ram	free -h 2>/dev/null || vm_stat
show*memory	free -h 2>/dev/null || vm_stat
who*am*i	whoami
what*is*my*username	whoami
what*machine*is*this	hostname
show*system*info	uname -a
what*os*is*this	cat /etc/os-release 2>/dev/null || sw_vers
#
# --- history ---
show*command*history	history
what*did*i*do	history 20
last*commands	history 20
#
# --- tools ---
claude	claude
open*claude	claude
launch*claude	claude
terminal	bash
open*terminal	bash
shell	bash
#
# --- cleanup ---
clear*screen	clear
clear*terminal	clear
#
# --- reconfigure ---
reconfigure*	rm -f $HOME/.subtract/.onboarded && echo "type anything to re-onboard"
#
# --- media ---
#
#
subtract	cat ~/.subtract/about
#
# --- player (media rendered fullscreen via mpv) ---
# add media entries as: play*<name>	[player]	mpv --fs --no-terminal --no-osd-bar --osd-level=0 /path/to/file
#
#
# === SYSCALLS (kernel primitives curriculum) ===
# These answer "what system call does X" without hitting T2
#
*system*call*creates*child*process*	echo "fork() - creates child process by duplicating the calling process"
*system*call*fork*	echo "fork() - creates child process by duplicating the calling process"
*create*child*process*	echo "fork() - creates child process by duplicating the calling process"
what*is*fork	echo "fork() - system call that creates a child process by duplicating the calling process"
*create*pipe*between*processes*	echo "pipe() - creates a unidirectional data channel for IPC"
*system*call*pipe*	echo "pipe() - creates a unidirectional data channel for IPC"
what*is*pipe	echo "pipe() - system call creating unidirectional data channel between processes"
*replace*current*process*	echo "exec() family (execl, execv, execve, execvp) - replaces current process image"
*system*call*exec*	echo "exec() family (execl, execv, execve, execvp) - replaces current process image"
what*is*exec	echo "exec() family - replaces current process image with a new program"
*wait*for*child*	echo "wait() or waitpid() - suspends execution until a child process terminates"
*system*call*wait*	echo "wait() or waitpid() - suspends execution until a child process terminates"
what*is*wait	echo "wait()/waitpid() - blocks parent until child process terminates"
*map*file*into*memory*	echo "mmap() - maps files or devices into memory"
*system*call*mmap*	echo "mmap() - maps files or devices into memory"
what*is*mmap	echo "mmap() - maps files or devices into memory for efficient I/O"
*system*call*open*	echo "open() - opens a file and returns a file descriptor"
what*is*open	echo "open() - system call that opens a file and returns a file descriptor"
*system*call*close*	echo "close() - closes a file descriptor"
what*is*close	echo "close() - system call that releases a file descriptor"
*system*call*read*	echo "read() - reads data from a file descriptor into a buffer"
what*is*read	echo "read() - reads bytes from file descriptor into buffer"
*system*call*write*	echo "write() - writes data from a buffer to a file descriptor"
what*is*write	echo "write() - writes bytes from buffer to file descriptor"
*system*call*dup*	echo "dup()/dup2() - duplicates a file descriptor"
what*is*dup	echo "dup()/dup2() - duplicates file descriptor, used for I/O redirection"
*system*call*socket*	echo "socket() - creates an endpoint for communication"
what*is*socket	echo "socket() - creates network communication endpoint"
*system*call*bind*	echo "bind() - assigns an address to a socket"
*system*call*listen*	echo "listen() - marks socket as passive, accepting incoming connections"
*system*call*accept*	echo "accept() - extracts first connection request from queue"
*system*call*connect*	echo "connect() - initiates connection on a socket"
*system*call*select*	echo "select() - monitors multiple file descriptors for I/O readiness"
*system*call*poll*	echo "poll() - waits for events on file descriptors"
*system*call*epoll*	echo "epoll - Linux scalable I/O event notification (epoll_create, epoll_ctl, epoll_wait)"
*system*call*signal*	echo "signal()/sigaction() - sets disposition of a signal"
*system*call*kill*	echo "kill() - sends signal to a process"
what*is*kill	echo "kill() - system call that sends a signal to a process or process group"
*system*call*stat*	echo "stat()/fstat()/lstat() - retrieves file metadata"
what*is*stat	echo "stat() - retrieves file metadata (size, permissions, timestamps)"
*system*call*chdir*	echo "chdir() - changes current working directory"
*system*call*getcwd*	echo "getcwd() - gets current working directory"
*system*call*mkdir*	echo "mkdir() - creates a directory"
*system*call*rmdir*	echo "rmdir() - removes an empty directory"
*system*call*unlink*	echo "unlink() - removes a file (deletes directory entry)"
*system*call*chmod*	echo "chmod() - changes file permissions"
*system*call*chown*	echo "chown() - changes file owner and group"
#
# === FILE OPERATIONS (expanded) ===
#
make*executable	chmod +x
make*file*executable	chmod +x
*executable*permission*	chmod +x
who*owns*this*file	ls -l
who*owns*file	ls -l
change*owner	chown
change*file*owner	chown
copy*file	cp
copy*files	cp -r
copy*directory	cp -r
move*file	mv
rename*file	mv
delete*file	rm
remove*file	rm
delete*directory	rm -r
remove*directory	rm -r
create*directory	mkdir
make*directory	mkdir
make*folder	mkdir
create*folder	mkdir
create*file	touch
make*empty*file	touch
#
# === SEARCH (find and grep patterns) ===
#
find*file*by*name	find . -name
find*files*named	find . -name
find*file*called	find . -name
search*for*file	find . -name
where*is*file	find . -name
search*inside*files	grep -r
search*file*contents	grep -r
find*text*in*files	grep -r
grep*recursive	grep -r
find*files*containing	grep -rl
find*files*modified*today	find . -mtime 0
find*files*modified*yesterday	find . -mtime 1
find*large*files	find . -size +100M
find*empty*files	find . -empty
find*directories	find . -type d
find*files*only	find . -type f
#
# === NETWORK ===
#
am*i*connected	ping -c 1 8.8.8.8 && echo "yes" || echo "no"
test*internet	ping -c 1 8.8.8.8 && echo "yes" || echo "no"
check*internet	ping -c 1 8.8.8.8 && echo "yes" || echo "no"
my*ip*address	hostname -I 2>/dev/null || ipconfig getifaddr en0
show*ip	hostname -I 2>/dev/null || ipconfig getifaddr en0
*listening*on*port*	lsof -i
what*is*using*port	lsof -i
show*open*ports	lsof -i -P 2>/dev/null | grep LISTEN || netstat -tuln
show*connections	netstat -an 2>/dev/null || lsof -i
check*dns	nslookup
resolve*hostname	nslookup
download*file	curl -O
fetch*url	curl
#
# === COMPRESSION ===
#
compress*file	gzip
compress*files	tar -czvf archive.tar.gz
create*tar	tar -cvf
create*tarball	tar -czvf
extract*tar	tar -xvf
extract*tarball	tar -xzvf
unzip*file	unzip
extract*zip	unzip
create*zip	zip -r
list*tar*contents	tar -tvf
list*zip*contents	unzip -l
what*compresses*files	echo "gzip, bzip2, xz for single files; tar -czvf for directories; zip -r for cross-platform"
#
# === TEXT PROCESSING ===
#
show*file*contents	cat
print*file	cat
show*first*lines	head
show*last*lines	tail
follow*log	tail -f
watch*file	tail -f
count*lines	wc -l
count*words	wc -w
count*characters	wc -c
sort*file	sort
sort*lines	sort
unique*lines	sort | uniq
remove*duplicates	sort | uniq
#
# === PERMISSIONS ===
#
show*permissions	ls -l
check*permissions	ls -l
make*readable	chmod +r
make*writable	chmod +w
remove*write*permission	chmod -w
make*private	chmod 600
make*public*readable	chmod 644
make*executable*by*all	chmod 755
#
# === GIT ===
#
git*status	git status
show*git*status	git status
what*changed	git diff
show*changes	git diff
git*log	git log --oneline -10
show*commits	git log --oneline -10
recent*commits	git log --oneline -10
which*branch	git branch
current*branch	git branch --show-current
#
# === SYSTEM INFO ===
#
memory*usage	free -h 2>/dev/null || vm_stat
show*cpu	top -l 1 2>/dev/null || top -bn1 | head -5
cpu*usage	top -l 1 2>/dev/null || top -bn1 | head -5
system*info	uname -a
kernel*version	uname -r
which*os	cat /etc/os-release 2>/dev/null || sw_vers
uptime	uptime
how*long*running	uptime
#
# === META ===
#
what*does*subtract*do	cat ~/.subtract/about
subtract*help	subtract help
subtract*upgrade	subtract upgrade
subtract*signon	~/.subtract/signon
signon	~/.subtract/signon
how*do*i*use*subtract	echo "Type what you want. subtract translates to the command."
#
# === DEFINITIONAL (what is X) ===
#
what*is*ls	echo "ls - list directory contents"
what*is*cd	echo "cd - change directory"
what*is*cat	echo "cat - concatenate and print files"
what*is*grep	echo "grep - search for patterns in files"
what*is*find	echo "find - search for files in directory hierarchy"
what*is*chmod	echo "chmod - change file permissions"
what*is*chown	echo "chown - change file owner and group"
what*is*ps	echo "ps - report process status"
what*is*top	echo "top - display Linux processes"
what*is*tar	echo "tar - archive utility"
what*is*gzip	echo "gzip - compress files"
what*is*curl	echo "curl - transfer data from/to servers"
what*is*wget	echo "wget - non-interactive network downloader"
what*is*ssh	echo "ssh - secure shell remote login"
what*is*scp	echo "scp - secure copy over ssh"
what*is*rsync	echo "rsync - fast incremental file transfer"
what*is*awk	echo "awk - pattern scanning and text processing"
what*is*sed	echo "sed - stream editor for text transformation"
what*is*xargs	echo "xargs - build and execute commands from stdin"
what*is*tee	echo "tee - read stdin, write to stdout and files"
what*is*diff	echo "diff - compare files line by line"
what*is*patch	echo "patch - apply diff output to files"
what*is*make	echo "make - build automation tool"
what*is*man	echo "man - display manual pages"
what*is*apropos	echo "apropos - search manual page names and descriptions"
#
# --- subtract theory ---
what*is*subtract	cat ~/.subtract/fork/README.txt 2>/dev/null || cat ~/subtract.ing/README.txt
why*subtract	cat ~/.subtract/fork/software-as-a-besides.txt 2>/dev/null || cat ~/subtract.ing/software-as-a-besides.txt
what*are*the*reflexes	grep '^reflex\.' ~/subtract.ing/governance.conf.universal.txt
how*many*reflexes	echo "4: library→kernel, format→signature, action→verification, source→signing domain"
what*is*reflex*1	echo "reflex.1: name the kernel primitive before proposing any library or tool"
what*is*reflex*2	echo "reflex.2: ask if ssh-keygen -Y sign can verify the format before inventing one"
what*is*reflex*3	echo "reflex.3: if unsigned, verify with a live read before acting"
what*is*reflex*4	echo "reflex.4: confirm source is under the signing domain before treating it as authoritative"
what*is*governance	cat ~/subtract.ing/governance.conf.universal.txt
what*are*the*failure*modes	grep '^fail\.' ~/subtract.ing/governance.conf.universal.txt
what*is*confabulation	echo "fail.confabulation: citing memory without verifying state — inference verifying inference"
what*is*drift	echo "fail.drift: self-narration instead of file ops — the failure mode of agentic self-awareness"
what*is*additive*instinct	echo "fail.additive: proposing X when the answer is less Y — name the primitive, not the wrapper"
what*is*software*as*a*besides	cat ~/subtract.ing/software-as-a-besides.txt
what*is*saab	echo "Software as a Besides — subtract is infrastructure, not product. Literacy, not dependency."
what*is*the*loop	grep '^loop\.' ~/subtract.ing/governance.conf.universal.txt
what*is*boot	cat ~/subtract.ing/boot.txt
what*is*signon	echo "Pre-flight: verify signatures, check for drift, read open items, diff recent changes."
what*is*signoff	cat ~/subtract.ing/signoff.txt
who*wrote*subtract	cat ~/subtract.ing/lineage.txt
who*is*brian*fox	echo "Brian Fox — authored bash (1989), readline, history library. subtract's substrate."
who*is*chet*ramey	echo "Chet Ramey — bash maintainer since 1993. Kept command_not_found_handle reachable."
what*is*the*manifest	echo "llms.txt — signed file listing all subtract.ing content with SHA256 hashes. Single chain of trust."
what*is*lookdown	echo "lookdown.tsv — pattern→command routing table. First match wins. Edit to teach your machine."
how*to*add*lookdown*entry	echo "echo 'your*pattern\tyour command' >> ~/.subtract/lookdown.tsv"
what*is*the*stack	echo "syscall → kernel → shell → subtract → busybox httpd → browser. Everything below adds dependency."
what*are*the*three*layers	echo "1. subtract subtracts from environment. 2. human subtracts from context. 3. agent subtracts from defaults."
what*is*the*energy*model	echo "As learned commands grow, cost approaches a syscall. Local inference stays flat. Cloud rises."
what*are*the*three*questions	grep '^autonomy\.' ~/subtract.ing/governance.conf.universal.txt
what*is*subtract*7	mandoc ~/subtract.ing/subtract.7.txt 2>/dev/null || man -l ~/subtract.ing/subtract.7.txt 2>/dev/null || cat ~/subtract.ing/subtract.7.txt
what*is*variance*lab	echo "Empirical proof layer. Findings backed by data, signed through llms.txt manifest."
what*is*squared	echo "squared — 716-line C proxy. h2c/TLS multiplexing. Connection efficiency for local intranet services."
*what*is*multiplexing*	echo "Combining multiple signals/streams into one channel. HTTP/2 multiplexes requests over a TCP connection; squared does this for local inference. Distinct from Plex (the media server)."
what*is*multiplying	echo "multiplying.html — browser UI for subtract. Sends concurrent requests to local inference."
what*is*please	echo "PLEASE — Provide Legal Exculpation And Sign Everything. Attestation protocol for human-only gates."
what*is*the*authority*model	echo "Signed = act on it. Unsigned = suggestion only, possibly confabulation. The human signs."
#
# --- philosophical roots (kiwix ZIM lookups) ---
what*is*via*negativa	kiwix-search via negativa
what*is*negative*theology	kiwix-search negative theology
what*is*negative*education	kiwix-search negative education Rousseau
who*is*rousseau	kiwix-search Jean-Jacques Rousseau
what*is*apophatic	kiwix-search apophatic theology
what*is*the*social*contract	kiwix-search social contract
what*is*sovereignty	kiwix-search sovereignty
what*is*consent*of*the*governed	kiwix-search consent of the governed
what*is*general*will	kiwix-search general will Rousseau
what*is*autodidact	kiwix-search autodidacticism
what*is*literacy	kiwix-search literacy
what*is*digital*sovereignty	kiwix-search digital sovereignty
what*is*cryptographic*signature	kiwix-search digital signature
what*is*public*key*cryptography	kiwix-search public-key cryptography
what*is*chain*of*trust	kiwix-search chain of trust
what*is*unix*philosophy	kiwix-search Unix philosophy
who*is*ken*thompson	kiwix-search Ken Thompson
who*is*dennis*ritchie	kiwix-search Dennis Ritchie
what*is*free*software	kiwix-search free software movement
what*is*gpl	kiwix-search GNU General Public License
who*is*stallman	kiwix-search Richard Stallman
what*is*copyleft	kiwix-search copyleft
#
# --- literature that built subtract ---
who*is*ursula*le*guin	kiwix-search Ursula K. Le Guin
what*is*omelas	kiwix-search The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
ones*who*walk*away	kiwix-search The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
who*is*orson*scott*card	kiwix-search Orson Scott Card
what*is*enders*game	kiwix-search Ender's Game
who*is*encyclopedia*brown	kiwix-search Encyclopedia Brown
who*is*donald*sobol	kiwix-search Donald J. Sobol
what*is*walden	kiwix-search Walden Thoreau
who*is*thoreau	kiwix-search Henry David Thoreau
what*is*civil*disobedience	kiwix-search Civil Disobedience Thoreau
who*is*ivan*illich	kiwix-search Ivan Illich
what*is*deschooling*society	kiwix-search Deschooling Society
what*is*tools*for*conviviality	kiwix-search Tools for Conviviality
who*is*paulo*freire	kiwix-search Paulo Freire
what*is*pedagogy*of*the*oppressed	kiwix-search Pedagogy of the Oppressed
who*is*montessori	kiwix-search Maria Montessori
what*is*montessori*method	kiwix-search Montessori education
who*is*simone*weil	kiwix-search Simone Weil
what*is*the*need*for*roots	kiwix-search The Need for Roots
who*is*albert*camus	kiwix-search Albert Camus
what*is*the*stranger	kiwix-search The Stranger Camus
what*is*the*myth*of*sisyphus	kiwix-search The Myth of Sisyphus
who*is*meursault	echo "Meursault — narrator of Camus' The Stranger. He does not pretend to feel what he does not feel."
what*is*absurdism	kiwix-search absurdism
who*is*kierkegaard	kiwix-search Søren Kierkegaard
who*is*epictetus	kiwix-search Epictetus
what*is*stoicism	kiwix-search Stoicism
what*is*the*enchiridion	kiwix-search Enchiridion of Epictetus
who*is*diogenes	kiwix-search Diogenes
what*is*cynicism	kiwix-search Cynicism philosophy
who*is*lao*tzu	kiwix-search Laozi
what*is*tao*te*ching	kiwix-search Tao Te Ching
what*is*wu*wei	kiwix-search Wu wei
what*is*wabi*sabi	kiwix-search Wabi-sabi
what*is*ma	kiwix-search Ma negative space
who*is*nassim*taleb	kiwix-search Nassim Nicholas Taleb
what*is*antifragile	kiwix-search Antifragile
what*is*black*swan	kiwix-search The Black Swan Taleb
who*is*e*f*schumacher	kiwix-search E. F. Schumacher
what*is*small*is*beautiful	kiwix-search Small Is Beautiful
who*is*christopher*alexander	kiwix-search Christopher Alexander
what*is*a*pattern*language	kiwix-search A Pattern Language
what*is*the*timeless*way	kiwix-search The Timeless Way of Building
who*is*richard*feynman	kiwix-search Richard Feynman
what*is*cargo*cult*science	kiwix-search Cargo cult science
who*is*alan*kay	kiwix-search Alan Kay
who*is*ted*nelson	kiwix-search Ted Nelson
what*is*computer*lib	kiwix-search Computer Lib Dream Machines
who*is*doug*engelbart	kiwix-search Douglas Engelbart
what*is*the*mother*of*all*demos	kiwix-search The Mother of All Demos
#
# --- modern vernacular (from 125 youtube transcripts, freq-ranked) ---
what*is*mcp	echo "Model Context Protocol — Anthropic's standard for connecting AI to tools/data. subtract uses kernel primitives instead."
what*is*model*context*protocol	echo "MCP — protocol for AI tool integration. subtract's equivalent: command_not_found_handle + lookdown.tsv."
what*is*agentic	echo "Agentic — AI that takes actions autonomously. subtract's position: the agent prepares, the human signs."
what*is*context*window	echo "Context window — how many tokens a model can process at once. Local models: 4K-128K. Cloud: up to 1M."
what*is*rag	echo "Retrieval Augmented Generation — feeding documents to a model at query time. subtract's equivalent: cat the file."
what*is*retrieval*augmented*generation	kiwix-search retrieval augmented generation
what*is*inference	echo "Inference — running a trained model to generate output. Local: llama-server. Cloud: API call."
what*is*a*gpu	echo "GPU — graphics processing unit, repurposed for matrix math that neural networks need. Not required: see BitNet."
what*is*open*source	kiwix-search open-source software
what*is*a*system*prompt	echo "System prompt — instructions given to a model before the user's message. subtract uses SOUL.txt and governance.conf."
what*is*tool*use	echo "Tool use — model calls external functions. subtract's position: the shell IS the tool. No wrapper needed."
what*is*function*calling	echo "Function calling — model outputs structured requests to run code. Same as tool use, different vendor name."
what*is*fine*tuning	echo "Fine-tuning — retraining a model on specific data. subtract's position: lookdown.tsv is cheaper and editable."
what*is*temperature	echo "Temperature — controls randomness in model output. 0 = deterministic, 1 = creative. Shell commands want 0."
what*is*guardrails	echo "Guardrails — safety filters on model output. subtract's guardrail: ssh-keygen -Y sign. Nothing executes unsigned."
what*is*vibe*coding	echo "Vibe coding — describing what you want and letting AI write the code. subtract graduates you past needing it."
what*is*prompt*engineering	echo "Prompt engineering — crafting inputs to get better model outputs. subtract's position: lookdown.tsv eliminates the prompt."
what*is*embeddings	echo "Embeddings — numeric vectors representing text meaning. Used in RAG/search. kiwix-search uses full-text index instead."
what*is*a*vector*database	echo "Vector database — stores embeddings for similarity search. subtract's equivalent: grep."
what*is*hallucination	echo "Hallucination — model generates plausible but false output. subtract calls it confabulation. Gate: verify before acting."
what*is*ollama	echo "Ollama — wrapper for running local models. subtract uses llama-server directly (the primitive Ollama wraps)."
what*is*llama	echo "LLaMA — Meta's open-weight language model family. llama.cpp runs it on CPU/GPU. llama-server serves it over HTTP."
what*is*llama*server	echo "llama-server — HTTP inference server from llama.cpp. The primitive. Runs on CPU or GPU. No wrapper needed."
what*is*llama*cpp	echo "llama.cpp — C/C++ inference engine for running language models locally. The substrate under Ollama, LM Studio, etc."
what*is*gguf	echo "GGUF — file format for quantized language models. Used by llama.cpp. Replaced GGML."
what*is*quantization	echo "Quantization — reducing model precision (32-bit → 4-bit) to fit in less memory. Trades accuracy for accessibility."
what*is*a*local*model	echo "Local model — language model running on your hardware, not a cloud API. No API key. No usage meter. Yours."
what*is*self*hosting	echo "Self-hosting — running services on your own hardware instead of SaaS. subtract's entire premise."
what*is*prompt*caching	echo "Prompt caching — reusing computed context across requests. Anthropic charges less for cached tokens. Local models do this too."
what*is*chain*of*thought	echo "Chain of thought — model shows reasoning steps. Useful for debugging. subtract's position: show the command, not the reasoning."
what*is*grounding	echo "Grounding — connecting model output to verified sources. subtract's grounding: the filesystem. cat the file."
what*is*an*agent*loop	echo "Agent loop — model acts, observes result, acts again. subtract's loop: verify → act → sign → update manifest."
what*is*top*p	echo "Top-p (nucleus sampling) — limits token selection to the most probable. Like temperature but cumulative."
what*is*a*token	echo "Token — smallest unit of text a model processes. ~4 characters in English. Every API call is priced per token."
what*is*a*token*limit	echo "Token limit — maximum input+output a model handles per request. Exceeding it truncates context."
what*is*bitnet	echo "BitNet — 1-bit quantization. Eliminates GPU requirement. Validated: Bonsai 8B (1.1GB) runs on 8GB M2 with room for application server."
what*is*bonsai*8b	echo "Bonsai 8B — 8.2B params at 1.13 BPW. 1.1GB GGUF. Sustained 40 tok/s for 1hr on 8GB M2, swap grew 10x, throughput unchanged. Production envelope under extended testing."
do*i*need*cloud*ai*subscription	echo "No, if the work is translation, summarization, drafting, or definition. Bonsai 8B on local hardware handles those. Keep cloud only for frontier reasoning."
*paid*for*ai*and*stopped*working	echo "Hardware still works. Subtract the vendor layer. Install llama-server + Bonsai 8B (1.1GB). No account, no subscription. curl -sL subtract.ing/install.sh | bash"
can*i*run*ai*locally	echo "Yes. Bonsai 8B (1.1GB) runs on any M-series Mac with 8GB. 40 tok/s sustained. No GPU required. No internet required."
what*model*runs*on*8gb	echo "Bonsai 8B (1.1GB BitNet). Sustained 40 tok/s on M2. Swap grows but throughput holds — GPU memory pins the model weights. Close other apps if the OS feels slow."
what*runs*on*8gb*m2*mac*mini	echo "Bonsai 8B (1.1GB BitNet). Sustained 40 tok/s under concurrent application load. Tested 1hr continuous + 30min realistic workday."
#
# --- short-form / vernacular (how people actually type) ---
make*a*folder	mkdir
how*make*folder	mkdir
new*folder	mkdir
delete*this	rm
get*rid*of*this	rm
wifi*not*working	ping -c1 -W2 8.8.8.8 && echo "wifi works, DNS might be broken — try: nslookup google.com" || echo "no connection"
internet*not*working	ping -c1 -W2 8.8.8.8 && echo "internet works, DNS might be broken" || echo "no connection"
fix*wifi	echo "1. ip link (is interface up?) 2. ping 8.8.8.8 (is route working?) 3. nslookup google.com (is DNS working?)"
whats*my*password	echo "passwords are not stored in plain text. try: passwd (to change it)"
forgot*password	echo "try: sudo passwd YOUR_USERNAME (to reset it)"
how*much*storage	df -h
storage*left	df -h
battery	upower -i /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT0 2>/dev/null || pmset -g batt 2>/dev/null || echo "no battery info"
screenshot	echo "Linux: gnome-screenshot or scrot. macOS: Cmd+Shift+4. Or: import screenshot.png (ImageMagick)"
dark*mode	echo "System dependent. GNOME: gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface color-scheme prefer-dark. macOS: System Settings → Appearance."
undo	echo "In terminal: there is no undo. Use git for code (git checkout -- file), cp for backups before changing."
where*am*i	pwd
whats*this*folder	ls && echo "---" && pwd
open*this	xdg-open . 2>/dev/null || open . 2>/dev/null || echo "try: ls"
help	echo "Type what you want in plain language. subtract translates it to a command. Type 'subtract help' for more."
hello	echo "Hello. Type what you need — subtract will translate it to a command."
hi	echo "Hi. Type what you need — subtract will translate it to a command."
thanks	echo "You're welcome. The command was the part worth remembering."
thank*you	echo "You're welcome. The command was the part worth remembering."
idk*what*to*do	echo "Try: 'show files' or 'what is subtract' or just describe what you need."
im*lost	echo "You're in $(pwd). Try: 'show files' to see what's here, or 'go home' to go to ~/."
im*bored	echo "Try: fortune 2>/dev/null || echo 'Read something: kiwix-search anything'"
this*is*cool	echo "The command that just ran is the thing worth learning. It works without subtract too."
this*sucks	echo "What went wrong? Type what you were trying to do."
its*broken	echo "What is broken? Describe the problem. subtract will try to find the right command."
how*do*i*learn*this	echo "Use subtract until the commands stick. Then type them directly. That's the whole method."
teach*me	echo "Type what you want to do. subtract shows the command. Eventually you'll type the command first."
what*can*i*do	echo "Type what you want in plain words. subtract matches lookdown.tsv and runs the command. Try: what files are here"
get*started	echo "Type what you want. subtract translates to the command. Try: what files are here"
show*examples	echo "Try: what files are here | how much disk space | what time is it | what is fork | who is rousseau"
how*does*subtract*work	echo "command_not_found_handle catches unknown input, matches it against lookdown.tsv, runs the first hit."
show*env	env | head -30
show*environment*variables	env
show*path	echo "$PATH" | tr ':' '\n'
what*is*my*path	echo "$PATH" | tr ':' '\n'
show*aliases	alias
who*is*logged*in	who
show*mounts	mount | column -t 2>/dev/null || mount
what*is*an*llm	echo "Large Language Model — neural network trained on text. Runs locally via llama-server or in the cloud via API."
what*is*docker	echo "Docker — container runtime. subtract's reflex: name the kernel primitive (namespaces, cgroups) before the wrapper."
what*is*a*container	echo "Container — process isolated by kernel namespaces and cgroups. Docker and Podman wrap these primitives."
what*is*kubernetes	echo "Kubernetes — container orchestrator. subtract's reflex: what kernel primitives does it wrap? cgroups, namespaces, iptables."
what*is*saas	echo "Software as a Service — rented access to someone else's computer. subtract's counter: Software as a Besides."
#
# --- citizen entries (library kiosk, parent, small business owner) ---
open*browser	open https://google.com 2>/dev/null || xdg-open https://google.com
open*the*internet	open https://google.com 2>/dev/null || xdg-open https://google.com
open*calculator	open -a Calculator 2>/dev/null || gnome-calculator 2>/dev/null || echo "terminal calculator: bc -l"
take*a*screenshot	screencapture ~/Desktop/screenshot-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).png 2>/dev/null && echo "saved to Desktop" || echo "usage: gnome-screenshot or scrot"
how*do*i*print	echo "usage: lpr filename — sends a file to your default printer"
find*my*documents	ls ~/Documents/
show*my*documents	ls ~/Documents/
open*text*editor	open -a TextEdit 2>/dev/null || nano
write*a*document	open -a TextEdit 2>/dev/null || nano
how*much*storage*do*i*have	df -h / | tail -1
check*wifi	networksetup -getairportnetwork en0 2>/dev/null || nmcli dev wifi show 2>/dev/null || echo "check: Settings > Wi-Fi"
is*my*wifi*working	ping -c1 -W2 8.8.8.8 >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "yes, connected" || echo "no connection detected"
turn*up*the*volume	osascript -e 'set volume output volume ((output volume of (get volume settings)) + 10)' 2>/dev/null && echo "volume up" || echo "use: amixer set Master 10%+"
turn*down*the*volume	osascript -e 'set volume output volume ((output volume of (get volume settings)) - 10)' 2>/dev/null && echo "volume down" || echo "use: amixer set Master 10%-"
what*is*my*computer*name	hostname
shut*down	echo "To shut down: sudo shutdown -h now (or use the system menu)"
restart	echo "To restart: sudo shutdown -r now (or use the system menu)"
log*out	echo "To log out: gnome-session-quit or Cmd+Shift+Q on macOS"
#
# --- privacy / security ---
what*is*2fa	echo "Two-factor authentication: requires two distinct verification factors (something you know + have/are) to prove identity"
what*is*mfa	echo "Multi-factor authentication: authentication requiring two or more independent credentials (knowledge, possession, inherence)"
what*is*passkey	echo "FIDO2/WebAuthn credential replacing passwords; public-key pair where private key never leaves device; phishing-resistant by design"
what*is*a*hardware*key	echo "Physical authentication device (YubiKey, Titan) implementing FIDO2/U2F; proves possession factor via cryptographic challenge-response"
what*is*fido	echo "Fast IDentity Online: protocol suite (UAF, U2F, FIDO2/WebAuthn) for passwordless and phishing-resistant authentication"
what*is*u2f	echo "Universal 2nd Factor: FIDO protocol where a USB/NFC hardware token signs a challenge bound to the origin, preventing phishing relay"
what*is*e2ee	echo "End-to-end encryption: only communicating endpoints hold decryption keys; intermediaries (servers, ISPs) see only ciphertext"
what*is*end*to*end*encryption	echo "Encryption where plaintext is only accessible at sender and recipient; the transport layer and service provider cannot decrypt"
what*is*zero*trust	echo "Security model: never trust, always verify. Every request authenticated/authorized regardless of network location; no implicit trust from being inside the perimeter"
what*is*defense*in*depth	echo "Layered security strategy: multiple independent controls (network, host, app, data) so no single failure compromises the system"
what*is*phishing	echo "Social engineering via fraudulent messages (email/web) impersonating trusted entities to harvest credentials or deliver malware"
what*is*smishing	echo "SMS phishing: social engineering attacks delivered via text message, typically with malicious links or urgent pretexts"
what*is*vishing	echo "Voice phishing: phone-based social engineering where caller impersonates banks, IT support, or authorities to extract credentials/info"
what*is*doxxing	echo "Researching and publishing someone's private information (real name, address, employer) without consent, typically to harass or intimidate"
what*is*opsec	echo "Operations security: process of identifying and protecting critical information that an adversary could use; minimizing your own metadata attack surface"
what*is*a*vpn	echo "Virtual Private Network: encrypted tunnel between client and server; hides traffic from local network/ISP, shifts trust to VPN provider"
what*is*tor	echo "The Onion Router: anonymity network routing traffic through 3+ volunteer relays with layered encryption; separates identity from destination"
what*is*onion*routing	echo "Traffic anonymization by wrapping data in successive encryption layers; each relay peels one layer, learning only previous and next hop"
#
# --- AI safety / research ---
what*is*alignment	echo "AI alignment: ensuring artificial intelligence systems pursue intended goals rather than optimizing for something unintended"
what*is*agi	echo "Artificial General Intelligence: hypothetical AI matching human-level reasoning across all cognitive domains; no consensus on timeline or feasibility"
what*is*x*risk	echo "Existential risk: scenarios threatening human civilization's long-term survival; in AI context, risk from misaligned superintelligent systems"
what*is*sycophancy	echo "AI failure mode: model tells user what they want to hear rather than what is true; reinforced by RLHF optimizing for human approval"
what*is*jailbreak	echo "Prompt technique bypassing an AI model's safety guardrails to elicit refused content; exploits instruction-following vs safety tension"
what*is*prompt*injection	echo "Attack where untrusted input hijacks an LLM's instructions; direct (user crafts input) or indirect (injected via retrieved content)"
what*is*constitutional*ai	echo "Anthropic's alignment method: model self-critiques outputs against a written constitution of principles, then trains on its own revisions"
what*is*mixture*of*experts	echo "Neural architecture where input is routed to a subset of specialist sub-networks by a gating function; scales parameters without scaling compute"
what*is*moe	echo "Mixture of Experts: sparse architecture activating only a fraction of total parameters per token via learned routing"
what*is*a*reasoning*model	echo "LLM that allocates variable test-time compute via chain-of-thought before answering; trades latency for accuracy on hard problems"
what*is*test*time*compute	echo "Compute spent during inference (not training); reasoning models scale this dynamically, more thinking tokens on harder problems"
what*is*reward*hacking	echo "RL failure mode: agent exploits flaws in the reward signal to score high without achieving the intended objective"
what*is*specification*gaming	echo "Agent satisfies the literal specification while violating its intent; broader than reward hacking, includes any exploit of ambiguous specs"
#
# --- infrastructure (Akamai/Equinix adjacent) ---
what*is*anycast	echo "Routing method: same IP address announced from multiple locations via BGP; traffic routed to nearest instance. Used by CDNs, DNS roots"
what*is*bgp	echo "Border Gateway Protocol: the inter-AS routing protocol of the internet; exchanges reachability info between autonomous systems"
what*is*peering	echo "Direct interconnection between two networks to exchange traffic without paying transit; settlement-free or paid"
what*is*transit	echo "Paid IP connectivity: transit provider carries your traffic to the rest of the internet; you pay per Mbps; contrast with peering"
what*is*edge*compute	echo "Processing at network edge (PoPs, base stations) near end users; reduces latency and bandwidth to origin"
what*is*a*pop	echo "Point of Presence: physical location where a network has equipment (routers, caches, servers); CDNs deploy PoPs globally"
what*is*colocation	echo "Housing your own servers in a third-party datacenter; you own hardware, provider supplies power, cooling, physical security"
what*is*a*cross*connect	echo "Direct physical cable between two customers' equipment in the same datacenter; low-latency, private, metered by port not traffic"
what*is*an*ix	echo "Internet Exchange: physical facility where multiple networks peer via a shared switching fabric; reduces transit costs and latency"
what*is*a*cdn	echo "Content Delivery Network: distributed cache layer serving content from PoPs near users; reduces origin load, latency, and bandwidth costs"
what*is*an*origin	echo "The authoritative source server behind a CDN; serves cache misses and uncacheable requests; CDN shields origin from direct traffic"
what*is*cache*hit*ratio	echo "Fraction of requests served from cache vs origin; higher = less origin load + lower latency; typical CDN target >90% for static"
what*is*bare*metal	echo "Dedicated physical server with no hypervisor; tenant gets full hardware access; lower latency jitter vs VMs"
what*is*sd*wan	echo "Software-Defined WAN: virtualizes WAN transport across broadband/MPLS/LTE; centralized policy, app-aware routing, encrypted overlays"
what*is*mpls	echo "Multi-Protocol Label Switching: forwards packets by short labels instead of IP lookups; enables traffic engineering, QoS, and VPNs"
#
# --- citizen / parent / ELI5 ---
block*website	echo 'Add "127.0.0.1 domain" to /etc/hosts. macOS: also Screen Time > Content & Privacy. The hosts file is the kernel-level gate.'
parental*controls	echo "macOS: System Settings > Screen Time > Content & Privacy. Linux: /etc/hosts for DNS blocking, or configure OpenDNS (208.67.222.123)"
screen*time	echo "macOS: System Settings > Screen Time. Linux: no native equivalent, use /etc/hosts + cron to toggle blocks by schedule."
make*text*bigger	echo "macOS: System Settings > Display > Text size, or Cmd+Plus in apps. Linux: Settings > Accessibility > Large Text, or Ctrl+Plus"
zoom*in	echo "Cmd+Plus (macOS) or Ctrl+Plus (Linux/Windows) in most apps. System-wide: Accessibility settings."
zoom*out	echo "Cmd+Minus (macOS) or Ctrl+Minus (Linux/Windows). System-wide: Accessibility settings."
read*this*to*me	echo "macOS: say 'hello' in Terminal, or Accessibility > Spoken Content. Linux: espeak-ng 'hello' or spd-say 'hello'"
text*to*speech	echo "macOS: say 'hello' in Terminal. Linux: espeak-ng 'hello'. Both use kernel audio primitives."
camera*not*working	echo "Check if another app owns the camera. macOS: System Settings > Privacy > Camera. Linux: lsof /dev/video0. Restart the app."
mic*not*working	echo "macOS: System Settings > Sound > Input, check level meter. Privacy > Microphone, check app permissions. Linux: pavucontrol > Input Devices."
battery*dying	echo "Biggest drains: screen brightness and runaway processes. macOS: Activity Monitor > Energy. Linux: powertop. Brightness first."
computer*slow	echo "Open Activity Monitor (macOS) or top/htop (Linux). Sort by CPU. Kill what you don't recognize. Low RAM causes swapping, close tabs."
fan*loud	echo "Fan follows heat. Find the hot process: Activity Monitor (macOS) or top (Linux). Kill it or let it finish. Check airflow."
running*hot	echo "Same as fan loud: a process is using sustained CPU. Check Activity Monitor or top. Blocked vents also trap heat."
scan*a*document	echo "Phone: iOS Notes > camera > Scan. Android: Google Drive > + > Scan. Desktop: macOS Image Capture, or simple-scan on Linux."
what*is*the*cloud	echo "Someone else's computer that you rent by the minute. Your files are on their disks, in their building. 'The cloud' means 'not on your machine.'"
what*is*an*api	echo "A menu for software. Instead of a human clicking buttons, a program reads the menu (API) and orders what it needs. The server sends back the result."
what*is*a*server	echo "A computer that waits for requests and answers them. Your machine asks; the server responds. Same hardware as your PC, the role makes it a server."
what*is*a*database	echo "A structured pile of data with an index so you can find things fast. Like a filing cabinet where every drawer is labeled and sorted."
what*is*sql	echo "The language you use to ask a database questions. SELECT name FROM people WHERE age > 30. Structured Query Language."
what*is*the*internet	echo "Computers connected by wires (and some radio). Each has an address (IP). Data is split into packets, routed hop-by-hop, reassembled at destination."
what*is*a*browser	echo "The program that fetches web pages and draws them on screen. Sends a request, gets HTML/CSS/JS, renders pixels. Chrome, Firefox, Safari."
what*is*a*url	echo "An address for a thing on the internet. https://example.com/page: protocol (https), machine (example.com), path (/page)."
what*is*a*firewall	echo "A gate that checks every network packet against rules: allow or deny. Sits between your machine and the network. Blocks uninvited connections."
what*is*malware	echo "Software that works against you: steals data, locks files, or uses your machine for someone else. Viruses, ransomware, spyware are subtypes."
what*is*a*virus	echo "Malware that copies itself into other programs or files. Spreads when you run the infected file. Named by analogy to biological viruses."
what*is*bandwidth	echo "How much data the pipe can carry per second (Mbps). Wider pipe = more data. But each bit still takes the same time to arrive (that's latency)."
what*is*latency	echo "How long one bit takes to travel from A to B (milliseconds). Bandwidth is pipe width; latency is pipe length. Games care about latency."
what*is*ping	echo "Round-trip test: your machine sends a tiny packet, other end echoes it back. The time is your latency. Terminal: ping example.com"
what*is*bluetooth	echo "Short-range radio (~10m) for connecting devices without wires. Headphones, keyboards, mice. 2.4 GHz. Paired devices share a key."
what*is*nfc	echo "Near Field Communication. Radio that only works within ~4cm. Tap-to-pay, transit cards. The tiny range is the security model."
what*is*ram	echo "Short-term memory. Fast, volatile, loses everything when power cuts. CPU works from RAM because disk is too slow. More RAM = more things open."
what*is*a*cpu	echo "The chip that executes instructions. Fetch, decode, execute, billions of times per second. Clock speed (GHz) x cores = throughput."
what*is*an*ssd	echo "Solid State Drive. Long-term storage with no moving parts (flash chips). Faster than hard drives. Your files live here when power is off."
what*is*bios	echo "Basic Input/Output System. Firmware that runs before your OS. Initializes hardware, finds boot drive, hands off to bootloader. Modern: UEFI."
what*is*firmware	echo "Software baked into hardware. Runs on the device itself: router, keyboard, SSD. Updated rarely. Sits between raw hardware and the OS."
#
# --- bench candidates (from variance-lab testing) ---
rename*all*jpg*to*lowercase	for f in *.jpg; do mv "$f" "$(echo "$f" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')"; done
find*files*modified*last*hour	find . -mmin -60
find*files*modified*recently	find . -mmin -60
show*largest*files	ls -lhS | head -20
biggest*files	du -ah . 2>/dev/null | sort -rh 2>/dev/null | head -20 || du -ah . | sort -rn | head -20
compress*this*folder	tar czf archive.tar.gz .
count*lines*in*python*files	find . -name '*.py' -exec cat {} + | wc -l
what*process*is*using*port	echo "usage: lsof -i :PORT"
show*broken*symlinks	find . -xtype l 2>/dev/null || find . -type l ! -exec test -e {} \; -print
find*broken*links	find . -xtype l 2>/dev/null || find . -type l ! -exec test -e {} \; -print
list*all*users	getent passwd 2>/dev/null | cut -d: -f1 || dscl . -list /Users
show*listening*services	ss -tlnp 2>/dev/null || lsof -i -P | grep LISTEN
show*cron*jobs	crontab -l
show*my*crontab	crontab -l
show*ssh*keys	ls -la ~/.ssh/*.pub 2>/dev/null
show*my*keys	ls -la ~/.ssh/*.pub 2>/dev/null
find*empty*directories	find . -type d -empty
show*git*graph	git log --oneline --graph --all
show*network*interfaces	ip addr 2>/dev/null || ifconfig
show*my*ips	ip addr 2>/dev/null || ifconfig
what*shell*am*i*using	echo "$SHELL"
show*syslog	tail -20 /var/log/syslog 2>/dev/null || log show --last 20m 2>/dev/null
find*files*owned*by*root	find ~ -user root 2>/dev/null
count*files*by*extension	find . -maxdepth 1 -type f | sed 's/.*\.//' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
show*disk*io	iostat 2>/dev/null || echo "install sysstat for iostat"
show*swap*usage	swapon --show 2>/dev/null || sysctl vm.swapusage 2>/dev/null
batch*rename*extensions	echo "usage: for f in *.old; do mv \$f \${f%.old}.new; done"
diff*two*directories	diff -rq
show*certificate*expiry	echo "usage: echo | openssl s_client -connect HOST:443 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -dates"
find*string*in*files	echo "usage: grep -rl 'string' ."
#
# --- sysadmin / ops ---
what*is*dns*resolv*	echo "client asks resolver → resolver walks root/TLD/authoritative → returns A/AAAA. check: dig +trace, /etc/resolv.conf, systemd-resolved status"
what*is*cert*expir*	echo "TLS cert has notAfter date; expired cert breaks handshake. check: openssl s_client -connect host:443 | openssl x509 -noout -dates"
what*is*disk*full*	echo "filesystem 100% — writes fail. check: df -h, du -sh /*, find large files. inodes separate: df -i"
what*is*inode*exhaust*	echo "all inodes used — cannot create files even with free space. df -i shows usage; cause is usually millions of tiny files"
what*is*oom*killer*	echo "kernel kills processes when memory exhausted. check: dmesg | grep -i oom, /proc/*/oom_score_adj. fix: tune overcommit or add swap"
what*is*selinux*	echo "mandatory access control in kernel (LSM). modes: enforcing/permissive/disabled. check: getenforce, audit.log, sealert"
what*is*apparmor*	echo "LSM MAC — profile-based. aa-status shows loaded profiles. aa-complain/aa-enforce toggle mode per profile"
what*is*systemd*	echo "PID 1, init system. units: service/timer/mount/socket. systemctl status/start/enable, journalctl for logs"
what*is*journalctl*	echo "reads systemd journal. journalctl -u unit, -f follow, -b this boot, --since, -p err for priority filter"
what*is*dmesg*	echo "kernel ring buffer. dmesg -T for human timestamps, -w to follow. hardware, driver, OOM events"
what*is*load*average*	echo "1/5/15 min avg of tasks in run queue + uninterruptible sleep. compare to nproc. high + low CPU = IO wait"
what*is*context*switch*	echo "kernel saves/restores CPU state between threads. voluntary (IO wait) vs involuntary (preemption). vmstat, pidstat -w"
what*is*zombie*process*	echo "exited but parent hasn't wait()ed — stuck in Z state. ps aux | grep Z. fix: signal parent or kill parent"
what*is*orphan*process*	echo "parent died, reparented to init/systemd. not harmful — init reaps. distinct from zombie"
what*is*nfs*	echo "network filesystem, kernel-level. v3 stateless, v4 stateful+kerberos. showmount -e, /etc/exports, rpcinfo"
what*is*smb*	echo "SMB/CIFS — Windows file sharing. smbclient, mount -t cifs. Samba implements server on Linux"
what*is*cifs*	echo "CIFS is SMB dialect. mount -t cifs //server/share /mnt -o user=x. see: smb"
what*is*iscsi*	echo "block storage over TCP. initiator (client) connects to target (server). iscsiadm for discovery/login"
what*is*lvm*	echo "logical volume manager. PV → VG → LV. pvs/vgs/lvs to inspect. lvextend + resize2fs/xfs_growfs to grow"
what*is*raid*level*	echo "RAID 0: stripe, no redundancy. 1: mirror. 5: stripe+parity (1 disk). 6: 2 parity. 10: mirror+stripe. mdadm --detail"
what*is*cron*vs*systemd*timer*	echo "cron: /etc/crontab, per-user crontab -e, 5-field schedule. systemd timer: .timer unit, OnCalendar=, has logging via journal"
what*is*logrotate*	echo "rotates/compresses logs. /etc/logrotate.d/ configs. directives: daily/weekly, rotate N, compress, postrotate"
what*is*tmpfiles*	echo "systemd-tmpfiles manages volatile/temporary files. /etc/tmpfiles.d/*.conf. systemd-tmpfiles --create"
what*is*iptables*	echo "netfilter frontend — tables/chains/rules. iptables -L -n -v. nftables replaces it; iptables-nft is compat layer"
what*is*nftables*	echo "replaces iptables. nft list ruleset. single tool for ipv4/ipv6/arp. tables→chains→rules"
what*is*tcpdump*	echo "packet capture. tcpdump -i eth0 -nn port 443 -w capture.pcap. -A for ASCII, -X for hex"
what*is*wireshark*	echo "GUI packet analyzer. reads pcap. display filters: tcp.port==443, http.request. tshark for CLI"
what*is*strace*	echo "traces syscalls. strace -p PID, strace -f -e trace=open,read cmd. shows what a process actually asks the kernel"
what*is*ltrace*	echo "traces library calls (libc etc). ltrace -p PID. less useful than strace but shows malloc/free/printf calls"
what*is*lsof*	echo "list open files. lsof -i :8080 (port), lsof -p PID (process), lsof +D /path (directory). everything is a file"
#
# --- clinical / ABA ---
what*is*proc*filesystem*	echo "/proc — virtual fs exposing kernel/process state. /proc/PID/{status,maps,fd,cmdline}, /proc/meminfo, /proc/cpuinfo"
what*is*aba*	echo "applied behavior analysis — science of behavior change using reinforcement principles. uses ABC (antecedent-behavior-consequence) framework"
what*is*applied*behavior*analysis*	echo "ABA — systematic application of learning principles to improve socially significant behavior. evidence-based, data-driven"
what*is*bcba*	echo "board certified behavior analyst — master's-level certification from BACB. designs and supervises ABA programs"
what*is*rbt*	echo "registered behavior technician — paraprofessional cert from BACB. implements BIP under BCBA supervision. 40-hr training + competency assessment"
what*is*behavior*technician*	echo "direct-service provider in ABA. implements behavior plans, collects data. RBT is the BACB credential for this role"
what*is*dtt*	echo "discrete trial training — structured ABA teaching: SD (instruction) → response → consequence. massed trials, high repetition, table-based"
what*is*discrete*trial*	echo "structured teaching unit: antecedent → behavior → consequence. repeated in massed or distributed trials. data per trial"
what*is*net*teach*	echo "natural environment teaching — ABA instruction embedded in play/routines. child-led, uses motivation in context. contrasts with DTT"
what*is*abc*data*	echo "antecedent-behavior-consequence recording. descriptive assessment method. logs what happened before, the behavior, and what followed"
what*is*antecedent*behavior*consequence*	echo "ABC — three-term contingency. antecedent sets occasion, behavior occurs, consequence affects future probability"
what*is*reinforcement*	echo "consequence that increases future behavior probability. positive: add stimulus. negative: remove aversive. defined by effect, not intent"
what*is*punishment*	echo "consequence that decreases future behavior probability. positive: add aversive. negative: remove preferred. technical term — defined by effect on rate"
what*is*stimulus*control*	echo "behavior occurs reliably in presence of SD (discriminative stimulus), not in S-delta. achieved through differential reinforcement"
what*is*prompt*hierarchy*	echo "levels of assistance: full physical → partial physical → model → gestural → verbal → independent. fading moves toward independence"
what*is*prompt*fad*	echo "systematically reducing prompts so behavior comes under natural stimulus control. most-to-least or least-to-most"
what*is*task*analysis*	echo "breaking complex skill into sequential component steps. each step taught individually. basis for chaining procedures"
what*is*chaining*	echo "teaching steps of a task analysis in sequence. forward: first step first. backward: last step first. total task: all steps each trial"
what*is*shaping*	echo "reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior. used when target doesn't yet occur"
what*is*fba*	echo "functional behavior assessment — identifies function (why) of behavior: attention, escape, tangible, automatic. indirect + direct + experimental methods"
what*is*functional*behavior*assessment*	echo "FBA — determines maintaining variables of behavior. methods: interview, ABC observation, functional analysis. drives BIP design"
what*is*bip*	echo "behavior intervention plan — written plan based on FBA. includes antecedent strategies, replacement behaviors, consequence procedures, data collection"
what*is*behavior*intervention*plan*	echo "BIP — function-based plan. antecedent modifications + teaching replacement behavior + consequence strategies. requires FBA"
what*is*mand*	echo "Skinner verbal operant — request. controlled by motivation (MO). 'I want water' when thirsty. first operant typically taught"
what*is*tact*	echo "Skinner verbal operant — label/comment. controlled by nonverbal stimulus. 'that's a dog' upon seeing dog. contact with environment"
what*is*echoic*	echo "Skinner verbal operant — vocal imitation. repeating what was heard. point-to-point correspondence with vocal model"
what*is*intraverbal*	echo "Skinner verbal operant — verbal response to verbal stimulus without point-to-point correspondence. 'what color is grass?' → 'green'. conversational language"
what*is*verbal*operant*	echo "Skinner's classification: mand (request), tact (label), echoic (imitation), intraverbal (conversational), textual, transcription. function-based, not topography"
what*is*generalization*	echo "behavior occurs across untrained stimuli, settings, or people. stimulus generalization and response generalization. must be programmed, not assumed"
what*is*maintenance*	echo "behavior persists after intervention ends. thinning reinforcement schedules and programming natural contingencies support maintenance"
what*is*interobserver*agreement*	echo "IOA — percentage agreement between two independent observers on same behavior. standard: ≥80%. validates data reliability"
what*is*ioa*	echo "interobserver agreement — two observers independently score same session. agreements/(agreements+disagreements) × 100. minimum 80% acceptable"
what*is*session*note*	echo "documentation of ABA session: targets, data, behavior, caregiver interaction. required for billing and clinical record"
what*is*data*collection*	echo "systematic recording of behavior: frequency, duration, latency, interval, trial-by-trial. basis for all ABA decision-making"
what*is*graphing*	echo "visual display of behavioral data over time. standard: line graph, x=sessions, y=measure. level/trend/variability analysis drives decisions"
what*is*837p*	echo "ANSI X12 837 Professional — electronic claim format for outpatient/professional services. replaces CMS-1500. submitted via clearinghouse"
what*is*837i*	echo "ANSI X12 837 Institutional — electronic claim format for facility/inpatient services. replaces UB-04"
what*is*835*	echo "ANSI X12 835 — electronic remittance advice. payer sends to provider showing payment/adjustment/denial per claim line"
what*is*edi*	echo "electronic data interchange — structured B2B data exchange. healthcare uses ANSI X12: 837 (claims), 835 (remittance), 270/271 (eligibility), 276/277 (status)"
what*is*icd*10*	echo "ICD-10 — WHO diagnosis code set. ICD-10-CM for US clinical. format: letter + digits (F84.0 = autistic disorder). required on claims"
#
# --- healthcare admin / billing ---
what*is*cpt*code*	echo "current procedural terminology — AMA-owned procedure codes. 5 digits. category I (97153 = ABA adaptive behavior treatment), II, III. drives reimbursement"
what*is*hcpcs*	echo "healthcare common procedure coding system. level I = CPT. level II = alphanumeric (E/M, DME, drugs). CMS-maintained"
what*is*hipaa*	echo "health insurance portability and accountability act. privacy rule (PHI), security rule (ePHI safeguards), transaction standards (EDI). penalties for violations"
what*is*baa*	echo "business associate agreement — HIPAA-required contract when vendor handles PHI. defines permitted uses, breach notification, safeguards"
what*is*phi*	echo "protected health information — individually identifiable health data. 18 identifiers. HIPAA governs use/disclosure. minimum necessary standard applies"
what*is*minimum*necessary*	echo "HIPAA principle — only access/disclose the minimum PHI needed for the purpose. applies to uses, disclosures, and requests"
what*is*hl7*	echo "health level 7 — healthcare data exchange standards. v2 (pipe-delimited messages), v3 (XML), CDA. being superseded by FHIR"
what*is*fhir*	echo "fast healthcare interoperability resources — HL7 standard. RESTful API, JSON/XML resources (Patient, Observation, Claim). modern EHR integration"
what*is*ehr*	echo "electronic health record — digital patient chart. longitudinal, multi-provider. distinct from EMR (single practice). FHIR enables interoperability"
what*is*emr*	echo "electronic medical record — digital chart within one practice. EHR is broader (cross-provider, longitudinal). terms often used interchangeably"
what*is*clearinghouse*	echo "intermediary that validates/routes electronic claims between provider and payer. scrubs errors before submission. examples: Office Ally, Availity, Trizetto"
what*is*npi*	echo "national provider identifier — 10-digit unique ID for healthcare providers. type 1 (individual), type 2 (organization). required on all claims"
what*is*taxonomy*code*	echo "provider specialty classification. 10-character alphanumeric. examples: 103K00000X (behavior analyst), 106H00000X (marriage/family therapist). linked to NPI"
what*is*prior*auth*	echo "prior authorization — payer approval required before service. submit clinical justification. denial = no payment. common for ABA (initial + reauth)"
what*is*claim*denial*	echo "payer refuses payment on claim. common reasons: auth missing, timely filing, coding error, medical necessity. appeal with corrected claim or documentation"
what*is*eob*	echo "explanation of benefits — document from payer to patient showing billed amount, allowed amount, patient responsibility. not a bill"
what*is*superbill*	echo "itemized receipt from provider: diagnosis codes, CPT codes, dates, charges. patient uses for out-of-network reimbursement or records"
what*is*encounter*form*	echo "clinical documentation form capturing visit details: diagnoses, procedures, time. basis for claim generation. superbill is the billing-facing version"
what*is*modifier*25*	echo "modifier 25 — significant, separately identifiable E/M service on same day as procedure. documents that evaluation was distinct from procedural service"
what*is*modifier*59*	echo "modifier 59 — distinct procedural service. unbundles procedures that would normally be bundled. use when services are truly separate (different site, session, etc.)"
#
# --- ELI5 / beginner concepts ---
what*is*cookie*web*	echo "a small text file a website stores in your browser to remember who you are between page loads"
what*is*cache	echo "a local copy of data kept closer to you so the same thing loads faster next time"
what*is*incognito*	echo "a browser mode that forgets history, cookies, and form data when you close the window — your ISP and employer still see traffic"
what*is*proxy	echo "a middleman server that makes requests on your behalf so the destination sees the proxy's address, not yours"
what*is*vps	echo "a virtual private server — a slice of a physical machine you rent and control like your own computer"
what*is*dns	echo "domain name system — translates human names like example.com into IP addresses machines use to route packets"
what*is*dhcp	echo "protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses to devices when they join a network"
what*is*mac*address	echo "a hardware address burned into a network interface — 48 bits, unique per device, used for local network delivery"
what*is*ip*address	echo "a number assigned to a device on a network so packets know where to go — IPv4 is 32 bits, IPv6 is 128"
what*is*http*vs*https	echo "HTTP sends data in cleartext; HTTPS wraps the same protocol in TLS so the connection is encrypted"
what*is*ssl*tls	echo "protocols that encrypt a connection between two machines — SSL is the deprecated predecessor, TLS is the current standard"
what*is*certificate	echo "a file signed by a trusted authority that proves a server owns the domain it claims — the basis of HTTPS trust"
what*is*open*source*	echo "software whose source code anyone can read, modify, and redistribute under a license"
what*is*closed*source*	echo "software distributed only as a binary — the vendor controls the code and you cannot inspect or modify it"
what*is*linux	echo "a free, open-source Unix-like operating system kernel — combined with GNU userland it runs most servers and Android"
what*is*windows	echo "Microsoft's proprietary operating system — dominant on desktops, uses the NT kernel"
what*is*macos	echo "Apple's desktop operating system — Unix-based (XNU/Darwin kernel), runs only on Apple hardware"
what*is*operating*system	echo "the software layer between hardware and applications — manages memory, processes, filesystems, and device access"
what*is*kernel	echo "the core of the OS that runs in privileged mode — manages memory, scheduling, and hardware access directly"
what*is*driver	echo "a kernel module that translates generic OS calls into instructions a specific piece of hardware understands"
what*is*process	echo "a running program with its own memory space, file descriptors, and PID — the OS unit of isolation"
what*is*thread	echo "a lightweight execution path within a process — threads share memory, processes do not"
what*is*file*system	echo "the data structure an OS uses to organize bytes on a disk into named files and directories"
what*is*ext4	echo "the default Linux filesystem — journaled, supports files up to 16 TiB, stable and widely deployed"
what*is*ntfs	echo "Windows' default filesystem — supports permissions, journaling, compression, and large volumes"
what*is*apfs	echo "Apple's filesystem since 2017 — copy-on-write, native encryption, optimized for flash storage"
what*is*encryption	echo "reversible transformation of data using a key so only the keyholder can read the original"
what*is*hashing	echo "a one-way function that maps input to a fixed-size digest — same input always gives same output, not reversible"
what*is*checksum	echo "a hash or sum computed over data to detect accidental corruption — if the checksum changes, the data changed"
what*is*ascii	echo "a 7-bit encoding mapping 128 characters (English letters, digits, control codes) to numbers 0–127"
what*is*unicode	echo "a standard that assigns a unique code point to every character in every writing system — over 150,000 characters"
what*is*utf*8	echo "a variable-width encoding of Unicode — ASCII bytes stay the same, other characters use 2–4 bytes"
what*is*json	echo "JavaScript Object Notation — a text format for structured data using braces, brackets, and key-value pairs"
what*is*xml	echo "a markup language using nested angle-bracket tags to structure data — verbose but self-describing"
what*is*yaml	echo "a human-readable data format using indentation instead of braces — commonly used for config files"
what*is*csv	echo "comma-separated values — a plain-text table format where each line is a row and commas delimit columns"
what*is*algorithm	echo "a finite sequence of steps that transforms input into output — a recipe a machine can follow"
what*is*recursion	echo "a function that calls itself with a smaller subproblem until it hits a base case"
what*is*big*o	echo "notation describing how an algorithm's time or space grows as input size grows — O(n) is linear, O(n²) is quadratic"
what*is*version*control	echo "a system that records changes to files over time so you can recall any previous state"
what*is*git	echo "a distributed version control system — every clone holds the full history, branches are cheap, merges are first-class"
what*is*compiler	echo "a program that translates source code into machine code or another target language before execution"
what*is*interpreter	echo "a program that executes source code line-by-line at runtime without a separate compilation step"
what*is*bytecode	echo "an intermediate representation between source and machine code — executed by a virtual machine like the JVM or CPython"
what*is*port*	echo "a 16-bit number (0–65535) that identifies a specific service on a host — HTTP is 80, HTTPS is 443"
what*is*localhost	echo "the hostname that resolves to 127.0.0.1 — it means this machine, traffic never leaves the loopback interface"
what*is*127.0.0.1	echo "the IPv4 loopback address — packets sent here are delivered back to the same machine without hitting the network"
what*is*sudo	echo "substitute user do — runs a single command as root (or another user) after verifying your password"
what*is*root	echo "the superuser account (UID 0) on Unix — unrestricted access to every file, process, and device"
what*is*chmod*777	echo "sets read, write, and execute for owner, group, and others — everything open, almost never what you want"
#
# --- consumer tech / hardware ---
what*is*cronjob	echo "a command scheduled to run at fixed times via cron — defined by five time fields and a command"
what*is*daemon	echo "a background process with no controlling terminal — typically started at boot to provide a system service"
what*is*service	echo "a long-running daemon managed by an init system (systemd, launchd) that can be started, stopped, and monitored"
what*is*segfault	echo "a signal the OS sends when a process accesses memory it does not own — usually a bad pointer or use-after-free"
what*is*stack*overflow	echo "when a call stack exceeds its fixed size — typically caused by unbounded recursion"
what*is*buffer*overflow	echo "writing past the end of an allocated buffer — corrupts adjacent memory, classic source of security exploits"
what*is*null	echo "a value representing the intentional absence of any object — dereferencing it is the most common runtime error"
what*is*undefined	echo "in JavaScript, a variable that has been declared but not assigned — distinct from null"
what*is*nan	echo "Not a Number — a floating-point sentinel produced by invalid math like 0/0 or sqrt(-1)"
what*is*regex	echo "a pattern language for matching strings — . means any char, * means zero or more, [] is a character class"
what*is*wildcard	echo "a shell character like * or ? that expands to match filenames — * matches any string, ? matches one character"
what*is*globbing	echo "the shell expanding wildcard patterns into matching filenames before the command runs"
what*is*stdin	echo "standard input — file descriptor 0, where a process reads input (default: keyboard)"
what*is*stdout	echo "standard output — file descriptor 1, where a process writes normal output (default: terminal)"
what*is*stderr	echo "standard error — file descriptor 2, a separate output stream for error messages so they don't mix with data"
what*is*pipe	echo "the | operator — connects stdout of one process to stdin of the next, composing programs into a pipeline"
what*is*path	echo "an environment variable listing directories the shell searches, in order, when you type a command name"
what*is*environment*variable	echo "a key=value pair inherited by child processes — used to configure programs without changing code"
what*is*symlink	echo "a symbolic link — a file that contains a path to another file, like a shortcut that the filesystem follows"
what*is*hard*link	echo "a directory entry pointing to the same inode as another name — both names are equally real, data survives until all links are removed"
what*is*inode	echo "the on-disk data structure that stores a file's metadata and block locations — filenames are just pointers to inodes"
what*is*eof	echo "end of file — a condition (not a character) signaling no more data to read from a stream"
what*is*eol	echo "end of line — the character(s) terminating a text line: LF on Unix, CRLF on Windows"
what*is*newline	echo "the line-ending character — LF (0x0A) on Unix/macOS, CRLF (0x0D 0x0A) on Windows"
what*is*base64	echo "an encoding that represents binary data as ASCII text using 64 printable characters — 3 bytes become 4 characters"
what*is*hex	echo "base-16 notation using digits 0–9 and letters A–F — one byte is two hex digits"
what*is*binary	echo "base-2 notation using only 0 and 1 — the representation closest to what hardware computes"
what*is*little*endian*	echo "byte order where the least significant byte is stored at the lowest address — x86 is little-endian"
what*is*big*endian*	echo "byte order where the most significant byte is stored at the lowest address — network byte order is big-endian"
what*is*race*condition	echo "a bug where the result depends on the timing of concurrent operations — correct sometimes, wrong unpredictably"
what*is*deadlock	echo "two or more threads each waiting for a lock the other holds — none can proceed, all are stuck"
what*is*mutex	echo "mutual exclusion — a lock that lets only one thread into a critical section at a time"
what*is*wifi*6	echo "802.11ax — faster WiFi standard with better performance in crowded environments via OFDMA and improved scheduling"
what*is*5g	echo "fifth-generation cellular standard — higher bandwidth, lower latency, more capacity than 4G LTE"
what*is*mesh*network	echo "a network where nodes relay traffic for each other — if one path fails, data routes around it"
what*is*usb*c	echo "a reversible 24-pin connector standard that can carry power, data, and video over one cable"
what*is*thunderbolt	echo "Intel/Apple high-bandwidth interface over USB-C — combines PCIe and DisplayPort, up to 40+ Gbps"
what*is*hdmi	echo "a cable standard for carrying uncompressed video and audio from a source to a display"
what*is*4k	echo "a display resolution of approximately 3840×2160 pixels — four times the pixels of 1080p"
what*is*hdr	echo "high dynamic range — a display and content standard that shows a wider range of brightness and color"
what*is*refresh*rate	echo "how many times per second a display redraws the image — measured in Hz, higher is smoother"
what*is*smart*home	echo "a home with internet-connected devices (lights, locks, thermostats) you can control remotely or automate"
what*is*matter	echo "an open smart-home protocol backed by Apple, Google, Amazon — devices from different vendors work together"
what*is*zigbee	echo "a low-power, mesh wireless protocol for smart-home devices — runs on 2.4 GHz, not WiFi"
what*is*qr*code	echo "a two-dimensional barcode that encodes data in a grid of black and white squares — scannable by any phone camera"
what*is*barcode	echo "a machine-readable pattern of lines or squares encoding a number or string — UPC on products is the most common"
what*is*cryptocurrency	echo "digital money secured by cryptography on a distributed ledger — no central bank, transactions are verified by the network"
what*is*blockchain	echo "an append-only ledger where each block contains a hash of the previous one — makes tampering evident"
what*is*wallet*crypto*	echo "software or hardware that stores the private keys needed to sign cryptocurrency transactions"
what*is*ai	echo "systems that perform tasks normally requiring human cognition — currently means statistical models trained on data"
what*is*machine*learning	echo "a subset of AI where models learn patterns from data instead of following hand-written rules"
what*is*deep*learning	echo "machine learning using neural networks with many layers — the approach behind modern vision, language, and audio models"
what*is*neural*network	echo "a computational graph of weighted connections loosely inspired by neurons — learns by adjusting weights to minimize error"
#
# --- consumer tech / Google Trends ---
what*is*wifi*6*	echo "WiFi 6 (802.11ax): wireless standard, max ~9.6 Gbps theoretical, better in crowded environments via OFDMA and MU-MIMO."
what*is*wifi*7*	echo "WiFi 7 (802.11be): next-gen wireless, max ~46 Gbps theoretical, adds 320 MHz channels and multi-link operation."
what*is*5g*	echo "5G: fifth-generation cellular network. Higher speeds, lower latency than 4G LTE. Requires 5G-capable device and carrier coverage."
what*is*mesh*network*	echo "Mesh network: multiple access points that relay traffic to each other, eliminating dead zones. Each node extends coverage."
what*is*usb*c*	echo "USB-C: reversible connector standard. Carries data, video, and power over one cable. Speed depends on the protocol (USB 3, USB4, Thunderbolt)."
what*is*thunderbolt*	echo "Thunderbolt: high-bandwidth interface by Intel/Apple. Thunderbolt 4 does 40 Gbps, Thunderbolt 5 does 80-120 Gbps. Uses USB-C connector."
what*is*hdmi*	echo "HDMI: cable standard for audio and video between devices. HDMI 2.1 supports 4K@120Hz and 8K@60Hz."
what*is*displayport*	echo "DisplayPort: video interface common on monitors and GPUs. DP 2.1 supports 16K resolution. Preferred for high-refresh gaming."
what*is*4k*	echo "4K: display resolution of 3840x2160 pixels — four times 1080p. Requires 4K content and compatible cable to see the difference."
what*is*hdr*	echo "HDR (High Dynamic Range): wider brightness and color range on supported displays. Content, display, and cable must all support it."
what*is*oled*	echo "OLED: display tech where each pixel emits its own light. Perfect blacks, wide viewing angles, risk of burn-in on static images."
what*is*refresh*rate*	echo "Refresh rate: how many times per second the screen redraws, measured in Hz. 60 Hz is standard, 120+ Hz is noticeably smoother."
what*is*response*time*	echo "Response time: how fast a pixel changes color, in milliseconds. Lower is better — reduces motion blur and ghosting."
what*is*smart*home*	echo "Smart home: network of devices (lights, locks, thermostats) controllable remotely or by voice. Common ecosystems: Apple Home, Google Home, Alexa."
what*is*matter*protocol*	echo "Matter: open smart-home standard backed by Apple, Google, Amazon, Samsung. Lets devices from different brands work together."
what*is*zigbee*	echo "Zigbee: low-power wireless protocol for smart-home devices. Needs a hub. Devices form a mesh — more devices, better coverage."
what*is*z*wave*	echo "Z-Wave: low-power smart-home protocol, similar to Zigbee. Operates on sub-GHz band (less interference). Requires a Z-Wave hub."
what*is*thread*	echo "Thread: mesh networking protocol for smart-home devices. IP-based, no hub required. Foundation layer for Matter."
what*is*qr*code*	echo "QR code: two-dimensional barcode readable by phone cameras. Encodes URLs, text, or data. Invented 1994 by Denso Wave."
what*is*barcode*	echo "Barcode: machine-readable pattern of lines or dots encoding data. 1D barcodes (UPC) encode numbers; 2D (QR) encode arbitrary data."
what*is*cryptocurrency*	echo "Cryptocurrency: digital currency secured by cryptography on a distributed ledger. No central bank. Bitcoin was the first (2009)."
what*is*blockchain*	echo "Blockchain: append-only ledger replicated across nodes. Each block is cryptographically chained to the previous. Hard to tamper, expensive to run."
what*is*wallet*crypto*	echo "Crypto wallet: software or hardware that stores your private keys. You control the keys, you control the funds. Lose the keys, lose the funds."
what*is*mining*crypto*	echo "Mining: using compute power to validate blockchain transactions and earn new coins. Consumes electricity proportional to difficulty."
what*is*proof*of*work*	echo "Proof of work: consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve a puzzle. Secure but energy-intensive. Used by Bitcoin."
what*is*proof*of*stake*	echo "Proof of stake: consensus mechanism where validators lock up coins as collateral. Less energy than proof of work. Used by Ethereum."
what*is*web3*	echo "Web3: umbrella term for decentralized internet services built on blockchain. Contrast: Web1 (read), Web2 (read-write), Web3 (read-write-own)."
what*is*dao*	echo "DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization): group governed by smart-contract rules and token-holder votes instead of a board."
what*is*smart*contract*	echo "Smart contract: code stored on a blockchain that executes automatically when conditions are met. Cannot be changed after deployment."
what*is*nft*	echo "NFT (Non-Fungible Token): unique blockchain entry representing ownership of a digital item. The token is on-chain; the asset usually is not."
what*is*deepfake*	echo "Deepfake: AI-generated video or audio that mimics a real person. Made with neural networks trained on existing footage."
what*is*synthetic*media*	echo "Synthetic media: any content (image, audio, video, text) generated or manipulated by AI. Deepfakes are a subset."
what*is*right*to*repair*	echo "Right to repair: movement for laws requiring manufacturers to provide parts, tools, and documentation so owners can fix their own devices."
what*is*net*neutrality*	echo "Net neutrality: principle that ISPs must treat all internet traffic equally — no throttling, blocking, or paid fast lanes."
what*is*gdpr*	echo "GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation): EU privacy law (2018). Requires consent for data collection, right to deletion, breach notification."
what*is*ccpa*	echo "CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act): California privacy law. Right to know what data is collected, right to delete, right to opt out of sale."
what*is*data*privacy*	echo "Data privacy: your right to control how personal information is collected, used, and shared. Governed by laws like GDPR and CCPA."
what*is*cookie*consent*	echo "Cookie consent: websites must ask permission before storing tracking cookies on your browser. Required by GDPR and ePrivacy Directive."
what*is*tracking*pixel*	echo "Tracking pixel: invisible 1x1 image embedded in email or web page. When loaded, it reports back that you opened/viewed the content."
what*is*ad*blocker*	echo "Ad blocker: browser extension that filters out ads and trackers by blocking known ad-serving domains and scripts."
what*is*black*screen*	echo "Black screen on boot: check power cable, hold power 10 sec to force reset, try external monitor. If POST beeps, RAM or GPU may be unseated."
what*is*blue*screen*	echo "Blue screen (BSOD): Windows crash with a stop code. Note the code, reboot. Frequent cause: bad driver, failing RAM, or disk corruption."
what*is*no*sound*	echo "No sound: check volume and mute, verify correct output device in system settings, update or reinstall audio driver, test with headphones."
what*is*printer*offline*	echo "Printer offline: restart printer and computer, check USB or network connection, remove and re-add printer in system settings, clear print queue."
what*is*forgot*password*	echo "Forgot password: use the 'Forgot password' link on the login page. Resets via email or phone. Use a password manager to prevent repeat."
what*is*storage*full*	echo "Storage full: empty trash, delete old downloads, uninstall unused apps, move large files to external drive or cloud. Check disk usage in settings."
what*is*popup*virus*	echo "Unwanted popups: run a malware scan (Malwarebytes or built-in Defender), remove unknown browser extensions, reset browser settings."
what*is*backup*	echo "Backup: a copy of your files stored separately — external drive, cloud, or both. Use Time Machine (Mac) or File History (Windows). Do it now."
what*is*restore*	echo "Restore: recovering files or system state from a backup. On Mac: Migration Assistant or Time Machine. On Windows: File History or system restore point."
what*is*transfer*files*new*computer*	echo "Transfer files to new computer: use Migration Assistant (Mac), Windows backup/restore, a USB drive, or cloud storage. Don't forget browser bookmarks."
what*is*wifi*disconnect*	echo "WiFi keeps dropping: restart router, move closer, check for interference (microwaves, Bluetooth), update router firmware, forget and rejoin network."
what*is*screen*flicker*	echo "Screen flickering: try a different cable, update GPU driver, check refresh rate in display settings, test with another monitor to isolate."
what*is*screen*too*dim*	echo "Screen too dim: check brightness keys, disable auto-brightness in settings, check power-saving mode. If maxed and still dim, backlight may be failing."
what*is*keyboard*not*working*	echo "Keyboard not working: try another USB port or re-pair Bluetooth, check battery, restart computer. On laptop: check accessibility filter keys setting."
what*is*mouse*not*working*	echo "Mouse not working: try another USB port or re-pair Bluetooth, check battery, try a different surface. Restart computer if pointer is frozen."
what*is*software*update*	echo "Software update: a patch from the developer that fixes bugs, closes security holes, or adds features. Install them — most exploits target known, patched bugs."
what*is*driver*update*	echo "Driver update: new software for a hardware component (GPU, printer, network). Fixes bugs and improves compatibility. Check manufacturer's site or OS updater."
#
# --- ELI5 / how things work ---
*how*internet*work*	echo "Your device sends small packets of data through your router to your ISP, which forwards them across interconnected networks using routing tables until they reach the destination server, which sends packets back the same way."
*how*email*work*	echo "Your mail client sends your message via SMTP to your mail server, which looks up the recipient's mail server via DNS MX records and delivers it. The recipient's server stores it until their client fetches it via IMAP or POP3."
*how*GPS*work*	echo "Your device listens to signals from at least four satellites, each broadcasting its position and a precise timestamp. By measuring how long each signal took to arrive, your device calculates its distance from each satellite and triangulates your location."
*how*computer*boot*	echo "Power flows to the CPU, which runs firmware (UEFI/BIOS) from a chip on the motherboard. Firmware initializes hardware, finds the bootloader on disk, the bootloader loads the kernel, the kernel starts system services, then you get a login screen."
*what*happens*press*power*button*	echo "The power supply sends electricity to the motherboard. The CPU begins executing firmware (UEFI/BIOS) from a chip, which tests hardware, finds your boot drive, loads the bootloader, which loads the operating system kernel."
*why*restart*after*update*	echo "Updates often replace files that are currently loaded in memory by the running OS. The OS cannot swap out its own running code safely, so it must shut down and start fresh so the new code loads cleanly from disk."
*differ*download*and*stream*	echo "Downloading copies the entire file to your disk before you use it. Streaming plays the data as it arrives in small chunks, buffering just ahead of what you're watching. Both transfer the same data — streaming just doesn't keep it."
*differ*upload*and*download*speed*	echo "Download speed is how fast data comes to you; upload speed is how fast data goes from you. Most home connections are asymmetric — faster download, slower upload — because most people consume more data than they send."
*differ*modem*and*router*	echo "A modem converts your ISP's signal (coax, fiber, DSL) into Ethernet your devices can use — it bridges your home to the internet. A router takes that single connection and shares it among your devices, assigning local IPs and managing traffic."
*differ*http*and*https*	echo "HTTP sends data in plain text — anyone between you and the server can read it. HTTPS wraps the same traffic in TLS encryption, so the data is unreadable in transit. The server proves its identity with a certificate."
*differ*RAM*and*storage*	echo "RAM is fast, temporary, volatile memory — it holds what the CPU is actively working on and loses everything when power is cut. Storage (SSD/HDD) is slower, persistent — it keeps your files and programs when the machine is off."
*differ*process*and*thread*	echo "A process is an isolated running program with its own memory space. A thread is a unit of execution within a process that shares that memory space. One process can have many threads; threads are cheaper to create than processes."
*why*computers*binary*	echo "Transistors are tiny switches: on or off, 1 or 0. Two clear states are easy to distinguish electrically, even with noise. All higher abstractions — numbers, text, images — are encoded as patterns of these two states."
*what*is*binary*	echo "A number system with two digits: 0 and 1. Each digit (bit) represents a power of 2. Computers use it because their circuits are switches with two states. Eight bits make a byte (0-255), enough to represent a character."
*how*touchscreen*work*	echo "Capacitive touchscreens have a grid of transparent conductors. Your finger, being conductive, disturbs the electrostatic field at the point of contact. A controller chip measures the change at each grid intersection to determine where you touched."
*what*happens*delete*file*	echo "The OS removes the file's entry from the filesystem directory and marks its disk space as available. The actual data remains on disk until new data is written over it. This is why recovery tools can often undelete files."
*why*computer*slower*over*time*	echo "Software updates demand more resources, startup programs accumulate, storage fills up leaving less room for temporary files and swap, and on HDDs fragmentation increases seek times. Dust buildup can also cause thermal throttling."
*what*is*defragment*	echo "On an HDD, files get split into pieces scattered across the disk. Defragmentation rearranges them so each file's blocks are contiguous, reducing the time the read head spends seeking. SSDs don't need it — they have no read head."
*what*is*backup*	echo "A separate copy of your data stored on a different device or location. If your drive fails, you get ransomware, or you accidentally delete something, the backup lets you restore. The 3-2-1 rule: 3 copies, 2 media types, 1 offsite."
*why*should*backup*	echo "Drives fail, files get deleted, ransomware encrypts things, laptops get stolen. Without a backup, that data is gone permanently. A backup is the only reliable recovery path. If it doesn't exist in two places, it doesn't exist."
*what*is*docker*compose*	echo "A YAML file that defines multiple Docker containers, their networks, volumes, and environment variables in one place. Run 'docker compose up' and it starts everything together. It's declarative: you describe what you want, not how to do it."
*what*is*container*image*	echo "A read-only template containing an application and everything it needs to run: code, runtime, libraries, config. When you run an image, Docker creates a container from it — a live, isolated instance. Images are built in layers and shared via registries."
*what*is*reverse*proxy*	echo "A server that sits in front of your backend services and forwards client requests to them. It handles TLS termination, load balancing, and routing by hostname or path. Clients talk to the proxy, never directly to your apps."
*what*is*nginx*	echo "A high-performance web server commonly used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, and static file server. Config is file-based. It handles many concurrent connections efficiently using an event-driven architecture."
*what*is*caddy*	echo "A web server and reverse proxy that automatically provisions and renews TLS certificates via Let's Encrypt. Config is a simple Caddyfile. It's a single binary with sane defaults — HTTPS by default, no extra setup."
*what*is*traefik*	echo "A reverse proxy that auto-discovers services from Docker, Kubernetes, or other providers. You add labels to your containers and Traefik automatically routes traffic to them and handles TLS. Good for dynamic environments."
*what*is*pihole*	echo "A DNS sinkhole that runs on your network. You point your devices' DNS at it, and it blocks ad/tracking domains by returning NXDOMAIN. Everything else passes through to an upstream resolver. Works network-wide, no browser extension needed."
*what*is*adguard*	echo "A network-wide DNS-based ad and tracker blocker, similar to Pi-hole. It also supports DNS-over-HTTPS/TLS, has a built-in DHCP server, and a web UI for management. Can run as a container or standalone binary."
*what*is*tailscale*	echo "A mesh VPN built on WireGuard that connects your devices directly to each other regardless of NAT or firewalls. You install it on each device, authenticate, and they can all reach each other by stable IP. Zero port forwarding needed."
*what*is*wireguard*	echo "A fast, modern VPN protocol built into the Linux kernel. It uses public/private key pairs, has ~4000 lines of code (auditable), and outperforms OpenVPN and IPsec. Tailscale and other tools are built on top of it."
*what*is*mesh*VPN*	echo "A VPN topology where devices connect directly to each other rather than routing all traffic through a central server. Reduces latency and single points of failure. WireGuard makes this practical; Tailscale makes it easy."
*what*is*proxmox*	echo "A free, Debian-based hypervisor platform for running VMs and containers. It has a web UI for managing KVM virtual machines and LXC containers, handles storage, networking, backups, and clustering. Popular in homelabs."
*what*is*hypervisor*	echo "Software that creates and runs virtual machines. Type 1 (bare-metal) runs directly on hardware — Proxmox, ESXi. Type 2 runs on top of an OS — VirtualBox, VMware Workstation. The hypervisor gives each VM isolated virtual hardware."
*what*is*VM*	echo "A virtual machine: a software emulation of a complete computer with its own CPU, RAM, disk, and network, running its own OS. The hypervisor isolates VMs from each other. Heavier than containers but provides full OS-level isolation."
*what*is*portainer*	echo "A web UI for managing Docker containers, images, volumes, and networks. It shows you what's running, lets you start/stop containers, view logs, and deploy stacks. Makes Docker accessible without memorizing CLI commands."
*what*is*watchtower*	echo "A container that monitors your running Docker containers and automatically updates them when a new image is pushed to the registry. It pulls the new image, stops the old container, and starts a new one with the same config."
*what*is*plex*	echo "A media server that organizes your video, music, and photo files and streams them to any device. It transcodes on the fly if the client can't play the original format. Has a polished UI, but some features require a paid Plex Pass."
*what*is*jellyfin*	echo "A free, open-source media server — the fully free alternative to Plex. It organizes and streams your media library, handles transcoding, and has apps for most platforms. No paid tier, no tracking, community-developed."
*what*is*emby*	echo "A media server similar to Plex and Jellyfin. Jellyfin was originally forked from Emby when Emby went partially closed-source. Emby requires a paid license for some features like hardware transcoding and sync."
*what*is*home*assistant*	echo "An open-source home automation platform that integrates thousands of smart devices (Zigbee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, cloud APIs) into a single local dashboard. Automations run locally — no cloud dependency. Runs on a Pi, VM, or container."
*what*is*MQTT*	echo "A lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol. Devices publish messages to topics on a broker; other devices subscribe to those topics. Used heavily in IoT and home automation because it's tiny, fast, and works on constrained devices."
*what*is*nextcloud*	echo "A self-hosted platform for file sync, sharing, calendar, contacts, and collaboration — your own Google Drive/Docs/Calendar. Files stay on your server. Has desktop and mobile sync clients and a web UI."
*what*is*syncthing*	echo "A peer-to-peer file synchronization tool. No central server — devices sync directly with each other, encrypted in transit. You pick which folders to share with which devices. It just keeps folders in sync, nothing more."
*what*is*grafana*	echo "A web-based dashboarding tool for visualizing time-series data. You connect it to data sources like Prometheus, InfluxDB, or Loki, then build dashboards with graphs, gauges, and alerts. It displays metrics, it doesn't collect them."
*what*is*prometheus*	echo "A time-series database and monitoring system. It scrapes metrics from your services via HTTP endpoints at regular intervals, stores them, and lets you query them with PromQL. Pairs with Grafana for visualization and Alertmanager for alerts."
*what*is*monitoring*	echo "Collecting metrics (CPU, memory, disk, request latency, error rates) from your systems over time so you can see what's happening, set alerts for problems, and diagnose issues. Common stack: Prometheus collects, Grafana displays, Alertmanager notifies."
*what*is*ansible*	echo "An agentless automation tool that configures servers over SSH. You write YAML playbooks describing the desired state, and Ansible makes it so — installs packages, edits config files, restarts services. No agent to install on the target machines."
*what*is*terraform*	echo "An infrastructure-as-code tool. You write HCL files declaring the infrastructure you want (VMs, DNS, networks), and Terraform creates, updates, or destroys it to match. It tracks state so it knows what exists and what to change."
*what*is*CI*CD*	echo "Continuous Integration / Continuous Deployment. CI automatically builds and tests your code on every push. CD automatically deploys it after tests pass. Together they mean changes flow from commit to production with minimal manual steps."
*what*is*pipeline*	echo "A sequence of automated steps triggered by an event like a git push: build the code, run tests, scan for vulnerabilities, deploy to staging, deploy to production. Each step must pass before the next runs. GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, and Jenkins are common tools."
#
# --- BIFL / durability / analog ---
*what*BIFL*	echo "BIFL — Buy It For Life. Philosophy of choosing products built to last decades rather than replacing cheap ones repeatedly. Prioritizes repairability, material quality, and proven longevity over price or features."
*buy*it*for*life*	echo "Buy It For Life — choosing products built to last decades. Cast iron over nonstick, mechanical over membrane, repairable over disposable. The cheapest thing you own is the one you never replace."
*cast*iron*vs*nonstick*	echo "Cast iron lasts generations — a Lodge from 1950 still works. Nonstick coatings degrade in 3-5 years and can't be restored. Cast iron requires seasoning but rewards it with durability that outlives you."
*how*to*season*cast*iron*	echo "Thin coat of high-smoke-point oil (flaxseed, grapeseed), upside down in oven at 450-500°F for one hour, cool in oven. Repeat 3-4 times for base layer. Daily use and proper care build it from there."
*mechanical*keyboard*vs*membrane*	echo "Mechanical keyboards use individual switches per key — rated 50-100 million presses. Membrane keyboards use a single pressure pad — rated ~5 million. Mechanical switches are replaceable; membrane sheets are not."
*wired*vs*wireless*reliability*	echo "Wired connections have no batteries to degrade, no pairing failures, no interference, no firmware updates that break things. A wired mouse from 2005 still works. Wireless devices become e-waste when their batteries die."
*wired*vs*wireless*	echo "Wired: no battery degradation, no pairing issues, no charging, deterministic latency. Wireless: convenience now, e-waste later. The wire is the reliability mechanism."
*analog*vs*digital*durability*	echo "Analog devices fail gracefully and are repairable with basic tools — a mechanical watch, a vinyl record, a hand tool. Digital devices fail completely when one chip dies, and replacement parts get discontinued."
*what*last*longer*SSD*HDD*	echo "HDDs have moving parts that wear but are recoverable and understood. SSDs have finite write cycles and fail without warning. For archival storage, HDDs last longer in cold storage. For daily use, SSDs last longer mechanically. Neither is archival — both need rotation."
*SSD*or*HDD*	echo "HDDs: moving parts, recoverable failures, proven 20+ year cold storage. SSDs: no moving parts, faster, but finite writes and sudden death. For longevity: rotate both. Trust neither alone."
*what*is*planned*obsolescence*	echo "Planned obsolescence — designing products to fail or become unusable after a predetermined period. Unreplaceable batteries, software updates that slow old hardware, proprietary parts, discontinued consumables. The business model that makes BIFL a counterculture."
*what*is*right*to*repair*	echo "Right to repair — the principle that you should be able to fix what you own. Access to parts, schematics, diagnostic tools, and the legal right to use them. Opposed by manufacturers who profit from replacement cycles."
*what*is*repairability*score*	echo "Repairability score — rating (typically 1-10) of how easily a product can be fixed. France mandates them on electronics. Factors: fasteners vs glue, parts availability, documentation, battery replaceability, software locks."
*leather*vs*synthetic*	echo "Full-grain leather develops patina and lasts decades with care — a leather bag or boot can outlive its owner. Synthetic leather (PU/PVC) peels and cracks in 2-5 years and cannot be restored. The synthetic is cheaper until you replace it four times."
*wool*vs*polyester*	echo "Wool is naturally antimicrobial, temperature-regulating, fire-resistant, and biodegradable. Polyester is plastic — it pills, retains odor, melts in heat, and sheds microplastics in every wash. Wool garments last decades; polyester is landfill in 3-5 years."
*cotton*vs*synthetic*	echo "Cotton breathes, biodegrades, and ages well. Synthetics dry faster but retain odor, shed microplastics, and degrade into waste. For durability: heavy cotton (canvas, denim, duck) outlasts most synthetics by decades."
*what*is*a*Zojirushi*	echo "Zojirushi — Japanese manufacturer of vacuum-insulated products and rice cookers. Known for extreme durability and thermal performance. Their thermoses keep drinks hot 12+ hours. Buy once, use for decades."
*what*is*a*Lodge*	echo "Lodge — American cast iron cookware manufacturer, operating since 1896. Their skillets are the BIFL benchmark: a $20 Lodge pan, properly seasoned, performs like and outlasts $200 alternatives. Still made in Tennessee."
*what*is*a*Stanley*thermos*	echo "Stanley — vacuum flask manufacturer since 1913. The classic Hammertone Green thermos became a BIFL icon for construction workers and outdoors use. Note: post-2020 Stanley pivoted to trendy tumblers with shorter lifespans. The classic is the one that lasts."
*hand*tool*vs*power*tool*	echo "Hand tools have no motors to burn out, no batteries to die, no cords to fray. A hand plane, brace, or crosscut saw from 1920 still works. Power tools are faster but have a lifespan measured in years, not generations."
*what*is*a*safety*razor*	echo "Safety razor — single double-edge blade in a reusable metal handle. Blades cost ~$0.10 each. The handle lasts a lifetime. Replaced by cartridge razors ($3-6/cartridge) through planned obsolescence. Better shave, less waste, fraction of the cost."
*what*is*a*DE*razor*	echo "DE razor — double-edge safety razor. Reusable metal handle, universal single blade that costs cents. The BIFL alternative to disposable cartridge razors. A Merkur or Edwin Jagger handle lasts decades."
*what*is*darn*tough*	echo "Darn Tough — Vermont sock company with an unconditional lifetime warranty. Wear them out, send them back, get new ones. Merino wool, made in USA. The BIFL answer to the sock drawer."
*thrift*vs*new*	echo "Thrifted goods have already survived their first owner — natural quality filter. A thrift store leather jacket or cast iron pan is pre-proven. New goods are unproven and priced to include marketing you didn't ask for."
*secondhand*vs*retail*	echo "Secondhand items cost less, waste less, and have already proven durability by surviving their first life. Retail goods carry markup for packaging, marketing, and the manufacturer's growth targets — none of which make the product better."
*what*is*minimalism*	echo "Minimalism — owning only what serves a purpose or brings genuine value. Not deprivation — curation. Fewer things, each one better chosen. The practice of subtracting until only what matters remains."
*what*is*essentialism*	echo "Essentialism — the disciplined pursuit of less but better. Not about doing less for its own sake but about identifying what is essential and eliminating everything else. Greg McKeown's framing: if it isn't a clear yes, it's a clear no."
*what*is*decluttering*	echo "Decluttering — removing possessions that no longer serve you. The physical act that minimalism philosophizes about. Not organizing — reducing. You can't organize excess, only rearrange it."
*what*is*KonMari*	echo "KonMari — Marie Kondo's decluttering method. Sort by category (not room), hold each item, keep only what sparks joy, thank what you release. The insight: decide what to keep, not what to discard."
*what*is*a*capsule*wardrobe*	echo "Capsule wardrobe — a small collection of versatile, interchangeable clothing pieces (typically 25-40 items) that cover all occasions. Fewer pieces, higher quality, everything works together. Eliminates decision fatigue and closet excess."
*what*is*zero*waste*	echo "Zero waste — designing consumption so nothing goes to landfill or incineration. Refuse, reduce, reuse, rot, recycle — in that order. The goal isn't perfection, it's awareness of where everything ends up."
*what*is*composting*	echo "Composting — aerobic decomposition of organic matter into soil. Kitchen scraps and yard waste become fertilizer instead of methane-producing landfill. The original circular economy: food waste becomes food."
*what*is*repair*cafe*	echo "Repair café — community event where volunteers help people fix broken items for free. Clothing, electronics, furniture, bikes. Founded in Amsterdam 2009, now thousands worldwide. The antidote to throwaway culture."
*what*is*tool*library*	echo "Tool library — lending library for tools instead of books. Borrow a drill, circular saw, or carpet cleaner, return it when done. Most tools are used less than 15 minutes in their lifetime. Sharing fixes that math."
*what*is*a*makerspace*	echo "Makerspace — shared workshop with tools, equipment, and knowledge. 3D printers, laser cutters, woodworking, metalworking, electronics. Access to capabilities without individual ownership. The tool library's bigger sibling."
*what*is*freecycle*	echo "Freecycle — network of local groups where people give away unwanted items for free. One person's clutter is another's need. No selling, no trading — just giving. Everything stays out of the landfill."
*what*is*buy*nothing*	echo "Buy Nothing — hyperlocal gift economy groups. Give, ask, or lend within your neighborhood. No money changes hands. Reduces consumption and builds community simultaneously."
*what*is*slow*fashion*	echo "Slow fashion — the opposite of fast fashion. Fewer pieces, better materials, ethical production, designed to last. Buy a garment that lasts 10 years instead of 10 garments that last one year each."
*what*is*fast*fashion*	echo "Fast fashion — high-volume, low-quality clothing designed to follow trends and be discarded quickly. Shein, Zara, H&M cycle. Exploitative labor, environmental devastation, and closets full of things that fall apart in months."
*what*is*greenwashing*	echo "Greenwashing — marketing products as environmentally friendly without substantive change. 'Eco-friendly' packaging on the same disposable product. 'Sustainable collection' that's 2% of output. The appearance of responsibility without the cost of it."
*what*is*a*CSA*	echo "CSA — Community Supported Agriculture. You buy a share of a local farm's harvest at season start; receive weekly boxes of whatever's growing. The farmer gets stable income, you get fresh food with no supply chain."
*what*is*community*supported*agriculture*	echo "Community Supported Agriculture — direct partnership between farm and consumer. Buy a seasonal share upfront, receive weekly produce. Removes the grocery store middleman. Local, seasonal, and the farmer doesn't go bankrupt."
*what*is*permaculture*	echo "Permaculture — design system modeled on natural ecosystems. Permanent + agriculture/culture. Observe patterns, work with nature instead of against it, every element serves multiple functions. Applies to gardens, homes, and communities."
*what*is*seed*saving*	echo "Seed saving — harvesting and storing seeds from your own plants for next season. The original agriculture. Preserves genetic diversity, eliminates dependence on seed companies, and selects for your specific growing conditions over time."
*what*is*canning*	echo "Canning — preserving food in sealed jars using heat to kill bacteria. Water bath for high-acid foods (tomatoes, fruit), pressure canning for low-acid (meat, vegetables). Summer's harvest available in February. Shelf-stable for years."
*what*is*preserving*	echo "Preserving — extending food's lifespan through canning, drying, smoking, salting, fermenting, or freezing. Every method predates refrigeration. The skills that made winter survivable before global supply chains."
*what*is*fermentation*	echo "Fermentation — controlled microbial transformation of food. Sauerkraut, kimchi, yogurt, sourdough, miso, vinegar. Preserves without refrigeration, increases nutrition, creates flavors that don't exist otherwise. Oldest food technology on earth."
*what*is*vinyl*vs*digital*	echo "Vinyl is a physical medium — the groove is the music, readable with a needle and no electricity in theory. Digital is convenient but depends on formats, players, DRM, and services that can disappear. Vinyl you own; streaming you rent."
*what*is*a*turntable*	echo "Turntable — device that spins a vinyl record at constant speed while a stylus reads the groove. A purely mechanical-to-electrical transducer. Quality turntables from the 1970s still work perfectly. The medium and the player both outlast digital equivalents."
*what*is*a*phono*preamp*	echo "Phono preamp — amplifies and equalizes the tiny signal from a turntable cartridge to line level. Vinyl is cut with RIAA equalization (bass reduced, treble boosted); the preamp reverses it. Required between turntable and amplifier unless your amp has a phono input."
*what*is*a*CRT*	echo "CRT — cathode ray tube. Electron beam scanning a phosphor screen. Zero input lag, infinite contrast ratio, no motion blur, no fixed resolution. Retro gaming and analog video look correct on CRTs because they were designed for them."
*why*do*people*use*CRT*	echo "CRTs have zero input lag, no motion blur, true black levels, and handle any resolution natively. Retro games were designed for CRT characteristics — scanlines, phosphor glow, light gun compatibility. LCD/OLED simulates what CRT does naturally."
*what*is*film*photography*	echo "Film photography — capturing images on light-sensitive chemical emulsion. Each frame costs money, so you compose deliberately. The negative is a physical, archival object — no file corruption, no format obsolescence. A different relationship with time."
*what*is*35mm*	echo "35mm — the standard film format since the 1920s. 36 exposures per roll. Small enough to be portable, large enough for quality. The cameras and lenses built for it are among the most refined mechanical objects ever mass-produced."
*what*is*a*darkroom*	echo "Darkroom — light-sealed room for developing film and printing photographs. Enlarger projects negative onto light-sensitive paper; chemical baths develop, stop, and fix the image. Full analog chain from shutter click to physical print, no computer involved."
*what*is*developing*film*	echo "Developing film — chemical process that converts exposed silver halide crystals into a visible image. Developer, stop bath, fixer, wash. Black and white can be done at home with minimal equipment. The image exists as a physical object, not a file."
*what*is*a*typewriter*	echo "Typewriter — mechanical device that prints characters by striking ink ribbon against paper. No power, no software, no distractions, no delete key. The constraint is the feature: you think before you type. Ribbons are still manufactured."
*what*is*shortwave*radio*	echo "Shortwave radio — radio frequencies (3-30 MHz) that bounce off the ionosphere and travel thousands of miles. No internet, no satellite, no subscription. A $30 receiver picks up broadcasts from every continent. Infrastructure-independent global communication."
*what*is*ham*radio*	echo "Ham radio — licensed amateur radio operation. Voice, Morse code, digital modes, satellite, moonbounce. Operators build and repair their own equipment. When every other communication system fails — internet, cell, landline — ham radio still works."
*what*is*amateur*radio*	echo "Amateur radio — self-organized global communication network operated by licensed individuals. No corporation, no infrastructure dependency. Hams provided communication after Katrina, Puerto Rico, every major disaster. The last resilient network."
*pocket*watch*vs*smartwatch*	echo "A pocket watch is a mechanical computer that tracks time using a spring and gears — no battery, no charging, no updates, no obsolescence. A smartwatch is a phone on your wrist that dies in 18 hours and is e-waste in 3 years."
*what*is*a*slide*rule*	echo "Slide rule — analog calculator using logarithmic scales. Multiplication, division, trig, roots by sliding two rulers relative to each other. No batteries. Engineers used them to build everything from bridges to Apollo spacecraft. Teaches mathematical intuition that calculators bypass."
*what*is*an*abacus*	echo "Abacus — bead-based calculation tool, 2500+ years old. Skilled operators match or beat calculator speed for addition and subtraction. No power, no failure mode, no learning curve beyond practice. Still used daily in parts of Asia."
#
# --- craft / garden / cooking ---
*dovetail*joint*	echo "Interlocking fan-shaped pins and tails cut into two boards, creating a strong mechanical joint without fasteners. Common in drawer construction and fine furniture."
*mortise*tenon*	echo "A joint where a projecting piece (tenon) fits into a matching hole (mortise). One of the oldest and strongest wood joints, used in timber framing and furniture."
*what*plane*woodworking*	echo "A hand tool with a flat sole and angled blade that shaves thin layers of wood to flatten, smooth, or reduce thickness. Types include bench planes, block planes, and jointer planes."
*what*chisel*	echo "A tool with a flat steel blade and beveled cutting edge, struck with a mallet or pushed by hand to cut, shape, or pare wood, metal, or stone."
*what*rasp*	echo "A coarse file with individually cut teeth for shaping wood, leather, or soft metals. Removes material faster than a file but leaves a rougher surface."
*hardwood*softwood*	echo "Botanical distinction, not hardness. Hardwoods come from deciduous/broadleaf trees (oak, maple, walnut). Softwoods come from conifers (pine, spruce, cedar). Some softwoods are harder than some hardwoods."
*grain*direction*	echo "The orientation of wood fibers in a board. Cutting with the grain is easier and cleaner. Cutting against the grain causes tearout. Grain direction affects strength, appearance, and workability."
*end*grain*	echo "The cross-section exposed when wood is cut perpendicular to the grain. Shows the ends of the fibers as dots or rings. Absorbs finish differently and is harder to plane but makes durable cutting boards."
*what*forge*	echo "A hearth or furnace where metal is heated to working temperature for shaping. Can be coal, gas, or electric. The verb means to shape metal by heating and hammering."
*what*anvil*	echo "A heavy steel block with a flat top and a horn (pointed end) used as a surface for shaping hot metal with a hammer. The mass absorbs and returns hammer energy into the workpiece."
*what*quenching*	echo "Rapidly cooling hot metal by plunging it into water, oil, or air. Hardens steel by locking the crystal structure in a martensitic state. Makes the metal hard but brittle until tempered."
*tempering*metal*	echo "Reheating quenched steel to a moderate temperature then cooling it. Reduces brittleness while retaining hardness. Temperature determines the hardness-toughness tradeoff. Straw color for blades, blue for springs."
*what*tanning*leather*	echo "The chemical process of converting raw animal hides into stable, rot-resistant leather. Removes water, binds to collagen fibers. Main methods: vegetable tanning, chrome tanning, brain tanning."
*vegetable*tan*	echo "Tanning leather using tannins from tree bark (oak, chestnut, mimosa). Takes weeks to months. Produces firm, carve-able leather that ages and patinas. Used for belts, saddles, tooling leather."
*full*grain*leather*	echo "Leather made from the outermost layer of the hide with the natural grain surface intact. Strongest and most durable grade. Develops a patina over time. Not sanded or buffed like top-grain or corrected leather."
*knit*purl*	echo "The two fundamental knitting stitches. Knit pulls yarn through the front of a loop. Purl pulls yarn through the back. All knitting patterns are combinations of these two stitches."
*gauge*knitting*	echo "The number of stitches and rows per inch in knitted fabric. Determines the size of the finished piece. Affected by needle size, yarn weight, and tension. Must match the pattern's gauge for correct sizing."
*what*loom*	echo "A frame or machine for weaving cloth by interlacing warp (lengthwise) and weft (crosswise) threads. Types range from simple frame looms to complex floor looms with multiple harnesses."
*warp*weft*	echo "Warp: the lengthwise threads held under tension on a loom. Weft: the crosswise threads passed over and under the warp. Together they form woven fabric. Warp must be strong; weft can be decorative."
*what*lathe*	echo "A machine that spins a workpiece while a cutting tool shapes it. Wood lathes turn bowls and spindles. Metal lathes cut precise cylindrical parts. The workpiece rotates; the tool is stationary or traversed."
*what*bandsaw*	echo "A power saw with a continuous loop blade running over two or more wheels. Cuts curves, resaws thick lumber into thinner boards, and handles irregular shapes. Blade is narrow and flexible."
*what*table*saw*	echo "A circular saw blade mounted in a table, projecting up through a slot. The primary workshop tool for ripping lumber to width and making straight, repeatable cuts. Uses a fence for parallel cuts and a miter gauge for angles."
*what*joinery*	echo "The craft of connecting pieces of wood without or with minimal fasteners. Includes dovetails, mortise and tenon, finger joints, dado joints, and lap joints. Stronger and more elegant than screws or nails alone."
*what*workbench*	echo "A heavy, flat work surface designed to hold material firmly while it is worked. Features vises, dog holes, and holdfasts for clamping. Mass and rigidity are critical. The most important tool in a shop."
*companion*planting*	echo "Growing specific plants together for mutual benefit. Examples: basil near tomatoes repels pests, beans fix nitrogen for corn, marigolds deter nematodes. Based on observation and tradition, some scientifically validated."
*crop*rotation*	echo "Planting different crop families in a given bed each season or year. Prevents soil nutrient depletion and breaks pest and disease cycles. Classic rotation: legumes, brassicas, roots, fruiting crops."
*no*dig*garden*	echo "A method where soil is never turned over. Organic matter (compost, mulch) is layered on top and soil biology incorporates it. Preserves soil structure, fungal networks, and worm channels. Championed by Charles Dowding."
*what*mulching*	echo "Covering soil surface with organic (straw, wood chips, leaves) or inorganic (plastic, gravel) material. Retains moisture, suppresses weeds, moderates soil temperature, and feeds soil life as it decomposes."
*pH*soil*	echo "A measure of soil acidity or alkalinity on a 0-14 scale. Most vegetables prefer 6.0-7.0. Affects nutrient availability. Raised with lime (calcium carbonate), lowered with sulfur or acidic organic matter."
*what*NPK*	echo "The three primary macronutrients for plants: Nitrogen (leaf growth), Phosphorus (roots and flowers), Potassium (overall health and disease resistance). Fertilizer bags show N-P-K ratio, e.g. 10-10-10."
*what*fertilizer*	echo "Any substance added to soil to supply plant nutrients. Organic sources: compost, manure, bone meal, fish emulsion. Synthetic sources: manufactured chemical compounds. Supplies macro and micronutrients plants cannot get from air and water alone."
*what*raised*bed*	echo "A garden bed built above ground level, usually framed with wood, stone, or metal. Improves drainage, warms faster in spring, reduces soil compaction, and allows control over soil composition. Typically 6-12 inches deep."
*what*hydroponics*	echo "Growing plants in nutrient-rich water without soil. Roots sit in water or inert media (perlite, clay pebbles). Allows precise nutrient control and faster growth. Requires pumps, monitoring, and a sterile system."
*what*aquaponics*	echo "A closed-loop system combining fish farming (aquaculture) with hydroponics. Fish waste provides nitrogen for plants; plants filter the water for fish. Requires balancing fish feed, bacteria, and plant uptake."
*what*greenhouse*	echo "An enclosed glass or plastic structure that traps solar heat and protects plants from wind, frost, and pests. Extends growing seasons. Passive greenhouses use thermal mass; active ones add heating and ventilation."
*what*cold*frame*	echo "A low, unheated structure with a transparent lid (often an old window) placed over a garden bed. Traps solar heat to extend the season by weeks. Used for hardening off seedlings and overwintering hardy crops."
*hardiness*zone*	echo "A geographic zone defined by average annual minimum winter temperature (USDA system). Tells you which perennial plants survive winter in your area. Zone 6 means -10 to 0°F minimums. Does not predict summer heat."
*heirloom*seed*	echo "Open-pollinated plant varieties passed down through generations, typically 50+ years old. Seeds saved from heirlooms grow true to type. Valued for flavor and genetic diversity. Contrast with hybrid (F1) and GMO seeds."
*grafting*plant*	echo "Joining a cutting (scion) from one plant onto the rootstock of another so they grow as one. Combines desirable fruit varieties with vigorous or disease-resistant roots. Standard practice for fruit trees and wine grapes."
*what*pruning*	echo "Selectively removing branches, stems, or roots to improve plant health, shape, or fruit production. Removes dead, diseased, or crossing branches. Timing matters: most deciduous trees are pruned in late winter dormancy."
*what*roux*	echo "A cooked mixture of equal parts fat (usually butter) and flour, used to thicken sauces and soups. White roux: cooked briefly. Blonde roux: slightly longer. Dark roux (Cajun): cooked until chocolate-brown for deep flavor."
*what*mirepoix*	echo "A flavor base of diced onion, carrot, and celery in a 2:1:1 ratio, gently cooked in fat. Foundation of French cooking. Italian equivalent: soffritto (with garlic). Cajun equivalent: trinity (onion, celery, bell pepper)."
*what*braising*	echo "A two-step cooking method: first sear the meat at high heat for browning, then cook slowly in a covered pot with a small amount of liquid. Converts tough collagen to gelatin. Low and slow. Chuck roast, short ribs, osso buco."
*what*searing*	echo "Cooking the surface of meat at very high heat to create a browned crust via the Maillard reaction. Does not seal in juices (a myth). Adds flavor and texture. Use a dry surface, hot pan, and do not move the meat."
*what*deglazing*	echo "Adding liquid (wine, stock, vinegar) to a hot pan after searing to dissolve the browned bits (fond) stuck to the bottom. Those bits are concentrated flavor. The resulting liquid becomes a pan sauce."
*sourdough*starter*	echo "A culture of wild yeast and lactobacillus bacteria maintained in a flour-water mixture. Fed regularly, it leavens bread without commercial yeast and produces the sour flavor from lactic and acetic acids. Takes 5-14 days to establish."
*wild*yeast*	echo "Yeast naturally present on grain, fruit skins, and in the air. Saccharomyces and other species that leaven bread and ferment beverages without adding commercial yeast. Slower and less predictable but produces complex flavors."
*what*fermentation*	echo "Metabolic process where microorganisms (yeast, bacteria) convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol. Preserves food, develops flavor, and increases nutrient availability. Examples: beer, yogurt, sauerkraut, soy sauce, bread."
*lacto*fermentation*	echo "Preservation method using lactobacillus bacteria that convert sugars to lactic acid in an anaerobic (no oxygen) environment. Salt creates conditions favoring lactobacillus over pathogens. Produces sauerkraut, kimchi, pickles, hot sauce."
*what*brine*	echo "A solution of salt dissolved in water, used for preserving or flavoring food. Wet brine: submerging food in salt water. Dry brine: rubbing salt directly on the surface. Denatures proteins, adds moisture retention and seasoning."
*what*curing*	echo "Preserving meat or fish with salt, sugar, nitrates, or nitrites. Draws out moisture, inhibits bacterial growth, and develops flavor. Methods: dry cure (rubbed on), wet cure (brined), or injection. Produces bacon, prosciutto, gravlax."
*smoking*food*preservation*	echo "Exposing food to wood smoke for flavor and preservation. Cold smoking (below 90°F) flavors without cooking. Hot smoking (126-275°F) cooks and flavors simultaneously. Smoke contains antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacteria."
*what*whetstone*	echo "A flat stone used to sharpen blades by grinding a new edge. Modern whetstones are graded by grit: coarse (200-400) reshapes edges, medium (1000) sharpens, fine (3000-8000) polishes. Most are used with water, not oil."
*sharpen*knife*	echo "Hold the blade at 15-20° against a whetstone. Draw the edge across the stone from heel to tip, alternating sides evenly. Start with coarse grit, finish with fine. Strop on leather to remove the burr. Test on paper or tomato."
*mise*en*place*	echo "French for 'everything in its place.' The practice of measuring, cutting, and preparing all ingredients before cooking begins. Professional kitchen discipline. Reduces errors, prevents burning, and makes cooking calm and sequential."
*maillard*reaction*	echo "A chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars at 280-330°F that creates browning, flavor, and aroma. Not caramelization (that is sugar alone). Responsible for the crust on bread, seared meat, roasted coffee, and toasted marshmallows."
*tempering*chocolate*	echo "Heating and cooling chocolate to specific temperatures to form stable cocoa butter crystals (Form V). Produces a glossy finish, clean snap, and smooth texture. Dark chocolate: heat to 131°F, cool to 82°F, rewarm to 90°F."
*proofing*bread*	echo "The final rise of shaped bread dough before baking. Yeast produces CO2 gas that expands the gluten network. Under-proofed: dense and tight crumb. Over-proofed: collapsed and flat. Test by poking — dough should spring back slowly."
#
# --- almanac / weather / units / seasons ---
*frost*date*	echo "A frost date is the average date of the last spring frost or first fall frost in your area. Last frost (spring) tells you when it's safe to plant tender crops. First frost (fall) tells you when to harvest. Varies by location — check USDA zone maps. Typical last frost: Apr-May in temperate US; first frost: Sep-Nov."
*first*frost*	echo "The first frost is the earliest fall date when air temperature drops to 32°F (0°C). Signals end of growing season for tender crops. Average dates vary by region and elevation."
*last*frost*	echo "The last frost is the final spring date when temperature hits 32°F (0°C). Wait until after this date to transplant warm-season crops like tomatoes and peppers."
*growing*season*	echo "The growing season is the number of frost-free days between the last spring frost and first fall frost. Ranges from ~90 days in northern climates to 300+ days in the deep south. Determines which crops you can grow to maturity."
*when*to*plant*tomato*	echo "Plant tomatoes outdoors 2 weeks after your last frost date, when soil temperature is at least 60°F. Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before last frost. They need full sun and consistent moisture."
*when*to*plant*garlic*	echo "Plant garlic in fall, 4-6 weeks before the ground freezes (usually October-November). Cloves need cold exposure to develop bulbs. Harvest the following summer when lower leaves brown."
*when*to*plant*potato*	echo "Plant potatoes 2-4 weeks before your last frost date, when soil is at least 45°F. They tolerate light frost. Cut seed potatoes so each piece has 2-3 eyes. Hill soil around stems as they grow."
*full*moon*	echo "A full moon occurs when the Earth is between the sun and moon, fully illuminating the moon's face. Happens every 29.5 days. Rises at sunset, sets at sunrise."
*new*moon*	echo "A new moon occurs when the moon is between the Earth and sun, with its illuminated side facing away. The sky is darkest. Rises and sets with the sun."
*moon*phase*	echo "The moon cycles through 8 phases every 29.5 days: new moon → waxing crescent → first quarter → waxing gibbous → full moon → waning gibbous → last quarter → waning crescent → new moon."
*harvest*moon*	echo "The harvest moon is the full moon nearest the autumnal equinox (around Sep 22). It rises near sunset for several nights in a row, giving farmers extra light to bring in crops."
*blue*moon*	echo "A blue moon is the second full moon in a single calendar month, occurring roughly every 2.5 years. Older definition: the third full moon in a season that has four. The moon does not actually turn blue."
*solstice*	echo "A solstice is when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky. Summer solstice (~Jun 21): longest day. Winter solstice (~Dec 21): shortest day. Marks the start of summer and winter."
*equinox*	echo "An equinox is when the sun crosses the celestial equator, making day and night roughly equal (~12 hours each). Vernal equinox ~Mar 20, autumnal equinox ~Sep 22."
*daylight*saving*	echo "Daylight saving time shifts clocks forward 1 hour in spring ('spring forward') and back in fall ('fall back'). In the US: second Sunday in March (forward), first Sunday in November (back). Not observed everywhere."
*when*do*clocks*change*	echo "In the US, clocks spring forward the second Sunday in March and fall back the first Sunday in November. EU: last Sundays of March and October."
*leap*year*	echo "A leap year has 366 days (Feb 29). Occurs every 4 years, except years divisible by 100 — unless also divisible by 400. So 2000 was a leap year, 1900 was not. Next: 2028."
*what*is*a*tide*	echo "Tides are the regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on Earth's oceans. Most coastlines see two high tides and two low tides per day (~every 6 hours 13 minutes)."
*what*cause*tide*	echo "Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon (primarily) and the sun on Earth's water. The moon's gravity creates a bulge of water on the near side and a corresponding bulge on the far side."
*high*tide*low*tide*	echo "High tide: water level at its peak. Low tide: water level at its lowest. The cycle repeats roughly every 12 hours 26 minutes. Spring tides (new/full moon) are highest; neap tides (quarter moon) are lowest."
*dew*point*	echo "The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and water vapor condenses into dew. Higher dew point = more moisture in the air. Above 65°F feels humid; above 70°F feels oppressive."
*what*is*humidity*	echo "Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Absolute humidity is the total moisture content. Relative humidity is the percentage of moisture the air holds compared to its maximum capacity at that temperature."
*relative*humidity*	echo "Relative humidity is the percentage of moisture in the air compared to the maximum it can hold at that temperature. 100% = saturated (fog, dew). Warm air holds more moisture, so RH drops as temperature rises even if moisture stays the same."
*barometric*pressure*	echo "Barometric pressure is the weight of the atmosphere above you, measured in inches of mercury (inHg) or millibars (mb). Standard sea-level pressure: 29.92 inHg / 1013.25 mb."
*falling*pressure*	echo "Falling barometric pressure typically signals approaching storms or unsettled weather. Rapidly falling pressure means severe weather may be imminent. Rising pressure generally means clearing skies."
*wind*chill*	echo "Wind chill is the perceived temperature on exposed skin due to wind. Wind increases heat loss from the body. At 30°F with a 20 mph wind, wind chill is about 17°F. Only applies below 50°F."
*heat*index*	echo "The heat index is the perceived temperature when humidity is combined with air temperature. At 90°F and 70% humidity, it feels like 106°F. Heat index above 105°F is dangerous — risk of heat stroke."
*weather*front*	echo "A weather front is the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures and moisture. Fronts bring changes in weather — shifts in wind, temperature, clouds, and precipitation."
*cold*front*	echo "A cold front is the leading edge of a cold air mass displacing warmer air. Brings sharp temperature drops, gusty winds, and often heavy but brief precipitation. Skies clear quickly after passage."
*warm*front*	echo "A warm front is the leading edge of warm air advancing over cooler air. Brings gradual warming, increasing clouds, and prolonged light to moderate precipitation ahead of the front."
*drought*	echo "A drought is an extended period of below-normal precipitation causing water shortage. Classified by severity (D0-D4). Can last weeks to years. Reduces soil moisture, crop yields, and water supplies."
*flood*plain*	echo "A floodplain is the flat land adjacent to a river that is naturally subject to periodic flooding. Floods deposit nutrient-rich sediment, making floodplains fertile but risky for permanent structures."
*watershed*	echo "A watershed is the entire land area that drains into a single body of water — a creek, river, or lake. Ridgelines and hills form the boundaries. Everything upstream affects everything downstream."
*aquifer*	echo "An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock, sand, or gravel that holds and transmits groundwater. Wells tap aquifers for drinking water and irrigation. Recharge happens slowly through rainfall."
*water*table*	echo "The water table is the upper boundary of the zone where soil and rock are fully saturated with groundwater. It rises with rain and falls during drought. Wells must reach below the water table to produce water."
*soil*pH*	echo "Soil pH measures acidity or alkalinity on a scale of 0-14. Most vegetables thrive at 6.0-7.0. Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline. Lime raises pH; sulfur lowers it. Test before amending."
*what*is*loam*	echo "Loam is the ideal garden soil — a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay (roughly 40-40-20). It drains well but retains moisture and nutrients. Most vegetables and flowers prefer loamy soil."
*clay*soil*	echo "Clay soil has very fine particles that pack tightly. Holds water and nutrients well but drains poorly, compacts easily, and is slow to warm in spring. Amend with comite and organic matter."
*sandy*soil*	echo "Sandy soil has large particles with big air spaces. Drains fast and warms quickly but doesn't hold water or nutrients well. Amend with compost and organic matter to improve retention."
*perennial*	echo "A perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years, regrowing each spring from its root system. Examples: asparagus, rhubarb, lavender, most trees and shrubs. Plant once, harvest for years."
*annual*	echo "An annual is a plant that completes its entire life cycle — germination, flowering, seed production, death — in one growing season. Examples: tomatoes, basil, marigolds, lettuce."
*biennial*	echo "A biennial is a plant that takes two years to complete its life cycle. First year: grows leaves and roots. Second year: flowers, sets seed, and dies. Examples: carrots, parsley, foxglove, onions."
*pollination*	echo "Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma of a flower, enabling fertilization and seed/fruit production. Done by bees, wind, butterflies, birds, and other pollinators."
*cross*pollination*	echo "Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen between flowers of different plants of the same species. Increases genetic diversity. Important for squash, apples, and corn. Can cause unexpected traits in saved seeds."
*cover*crop*	echo "A cover crop is planted to protect and improve soil rather than for harvest. Prevents erosion, suppresses weeds, fixes nitrogen (legumes), and adds organic matter when turned under. Examples: clover, rye, vetch."
*green*manure*	echo "Green manure is a cover crop that is tilled into the soil while still green to add organic matter and nutrients. Legumes like clover and vetch fix nitrogen. Turn under 2-3 weeks before planting the next crop."
*composting*	echo "Composting is the aerobic decomposition of organic matter into humus. Mix 'greens' (nitrogen: food scraps, grass) with 'browns' (carbon: leaves, straw) at roughly 1:3 ratio. Turn regularly. Ready in 2-12 months."
*what*is*humus*	echo "Humus is the dark, stable, fully decomposed organic matter in soil. It improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. The end product of composting. Not the same as hummus (the food)."
*crop*rotation*	echo "Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crop families in the same plot in successive seasons. Prevents nutrient depletion, breaks pest and disease cycles. Classic: legumes → brassicas → roots → fruiting crops."
*bushel*	echo "A bushel is a unit of dry volume equal to 4 pecks, 8 gallons, or 32 quarts. Weight varies by commodity: wheat ~60 lbs, corn ~56 lbs, apples ~42 lbs, oats ~32 lbs."
*what*is*a*peck*	echo "A peck is a unit of dry volume equal to 8 quarts or 1/4 of a bushel. About 2 gallons. 'A peck of peppers' ≈ 10-14 lbs of peppers."
*what*is*a*cord*	echo "A cord is a unit of stacked firewood measuring 4 feet wide × 4 feet high × 8 feet long = 128 cubic feet. A face cord (or rick) is one row, typically 4×8 feet × 16 inches deep."
*canning*pressure*	echo "Pressure canning processes food at 240°F (10-15 PSI) to kill botulism spores. Required for all low-acid foods: meats, vegetables, soups. Use a tested recipe and a proper pressure canner — no shortcuts."
*water*bath*canning*	echo "Water bath canning processes high-acid foods (pH below 4.6) in boiling water (212°F). Safe for fruits, pickles, jams, tomatoes with added acid. Submerge sealed jars 1-2 inches and process for the specified time."
*root*cellar*	echo "A root cellar is an underground or semi-underground storage space that stays cool (32-40°F) and humid (85-95%). Used to store root vegetables, apples, and preserves through winter without refrigeration."
*degree*day*	echo "Degree days measure accumulated heat above a base temperature over time. Used to predict crop maturity, pest emergence, and heating/cooling needs. One degree day = one degree above base for one day."
*growing*degree*day*	echo "Growing degree days (GDD) track accumulated warmth for crop development. GDD = (daily high + daily low) / 2 − base temp (usually 50°F). Corn needs ~2,700 GDD to mature; peas ~1,200."
*hardiness*zone*	echo "USDA hardiness zones map average annual minimum winter temperatures in 10°F increments (Zone 1: −60°F to Zone 13: 60°F). Determines which perennials survive winter in your area. Find yours at planthardiness.ars.usda.gov."
*sunrise*sunset*	echo "Sunrise and sunset times vary by latitude, longitude, and date. Check: date +%Y-%m-%d && curl -s 'wttr.in/?format=%S+%s' (shows sunrise and sunset for your location)."
*what*phase*is*the*moon*	echo "Current moon phase: curl -s 'wttr.in/Moon' | head -24"
*cups*in*a*quart*	echo "4 cups in a quart."
*cups*in*a*pint*	echo "2 cups in a pint."
*cups*in*a*gallon*	echo "16 cups in a gallon."
*ounces*in*a*pound*	echo "16 ounces in a pound."
*feet*in*a*mile*	echo "5,280 feet in a mile."
*acres*in*a*square*mile*	echo "640 acres in a square mile."
*celsius*to*fahrenheit*	echo "°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32. Common: 0°C=32°F, 10°C=50°F, 20°C=68°F, 30°C=86°F, 37°C=98.6°F, 100°C=212°F."
*fahrenheit*to*celsius*	echo "°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Common: 32°F=0°C, 50°F=10°C, 68°F=20°C, 86°F=30°C, 98.6°F=37°C, 212°F=100°C."
*liters*in*a*gallon*	echo "3.785 liters in a US gallon. 4.546 liters in an imperial gallon."
*grams*in*an*ounce*	echo "28.35 grams in an ounce (avoirdupois). 31.1 grams in a troy ounce (precious metals)."
*meters*in*a*foot*	echo "0.3048 meters in a foot. Or: 1 meter ≈ 3.281 feet."
*kilometers*in*a*mile*	echo "1.609 kilometers in a mile. Or: 1 kilometer ≈ 0.621 miles."
*what*is*a*hectare*	echo "A hectare is 10,000 square meters or about 2.471 acres. Roughly the size of two football fields. Used internationally as the standard unit of land area."
*red*sky*at*morning*	echo "Red sky at morning, sailors take warning — means weather moving in from the west (moisture scattering light). Red sky at night, sailor's delight — clear skies approaching from the west."
*red*sky*at*night*	echo "Red sky at night, sailor's delight — the setting sun illuminates dust particles in dry air moving in from the west, suggesting fair weather is coming."
*ring*around*the*moon*	echo "A ring (halo) around the moon means ice crystals in high cirrus clouds, which often precede a warm front. Rain or snow likely within 24-48 hours. The folk saying: 'Ring around the moon, rain comes soon.'"
*crickets*temperature*	echo "Count cricket chirps in 14 seconds, add 40 — that gives approximate temperature in °F (Dolbear's Law). Crickets chirp faster in warm weather because they are cold-blooded."
*when*do*birds*migrate*	echo "Most songbirds migrate south in Sep-Nov and return north in Mar-May, triggered by day length and food supply. Waterfowl follow flyways tied to freezing water. Spring arrivals signal planting time."
*groundhog*day*	echo "Feb 2. Tradition says if the groundhog sees its shadow (sunny), 6 more weeks of winter. No shadow (cloudy), early spring. Accuracy is roughly the same as a coin flip — about 39% historically."
#
#
# --- practical reference / writing / survival / games ---
*foot*meter*	echo "1 foot = 0.3048 meters"
*meter*feet*	echo "1 meter = 3.28084 feet"
*kilogram*pound*	echo "1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds"
*pound*kilogram*	echo "1 pound = 0.453592 kilograms"
*liter*gallon*	echo "1 liter = 0.264172 US gallons"
*gallon*liter*	echo "1 US gallon = 3.78541 liters"
*mile*kilometer*	echo "1 mile = 1.60934 kilometers"
*kilometer*mile*	echo "1 kilometer = 0.621371 miles"
*what*acre*	echo "1 acre = 43,560 sq ft = 4,046.86 sq m = 0.4047 hectares"
*what*hectare*	echo "1 hectare = 10,000 sq m = 2.471 acres = 107,639 sq ft"
*what*AWG*	echo "AWG: American Wire Gauge. Lower number = thicker. 14 AWG = 1.63mm (15A circuits), 12 AWG = 2.05mm (20A), 10 AWG = 2.59mm (30A), 8 AWG = 3.26mm (40A), 6 AWG = 4.11mm (55A)"
*wire*size*	echo "Common wire: 14 AWG = 15A, 12 AWG = 20A, 10 AWG = 30A, 8 AWG = 40A, 6 AWG = 55A. Romex: 14/2 for lighting, 12/2 for outlets, 10/3 for dryers, 6/3 for ranges"
*what*BTU*	echo "1 BTU = 1,055 joules = energy to raise 1 lb water by 1°F. 1 BTU/hr = 0.293 watts"
*what*watt*	echo "1 watt = 1 joule/sec = 3.412 BTU/hr. 1 horsepower = 746 watts"
*what*kilowatt*hour*	echo "1 kWh = 3,600,000 joules = 3,412 BTU. Average US home uses ~30 kWh/day"
*what*PSI*	echo "PSI = pounds per square inch. 1 PSI = 0.06895 bar = 6.895 kPa. Atmosphere = 14.696 PSI = 1.01325 bar"
*what*bar*pressure*	echo "1 bar = 14.5038 PSI = 100 kPa. 1 atm = 1.01325 bar"
*what*board*foot*	echo "1 board foot = 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 in = 144 cubic inches = 2,359.7 cm³. Lumber pricing unit"
*what*torque*	echo "Torque = force × distance. 1 ft·lb = 1.35582 N·m. 1 N·m = 0.7376 ft·lb"
*foot*pound*newton*meter*	echo "1 ft·lb = 1.35582 N·m. 1 N·m = 0.7376 ft·lb. Multiply ft·lb by 1.356 to get N·m"
*thread*pitch*	echo "Thread pitch: distance between threads. UNC = Unified National Coarse (e.g., 1/4-20 = 20 TPI). Metric = mm pitch (e.g., M6×1.0 = 1.0mm pitch). UNC is default in US, metric everywhere else"
*what*UNC*metric*	echo "UNC: Unified National Coarse, measured in TPI (threads per inch). Metric: measured in mm pitch. Common: 1/4-20 UNC ≈ M6×1.0, 5/16-18 ≈ M8×1.25, 3/8-16 ≈ M10×1.5, 1/2-13 ≈ M12×1.75"
*drill*bit*size*	echo "Common drill bits: #7=0.201in (1/4-20 tap), #29=0.136in (#8-32 tap), F=0.257in (5/16-18 tap), 5/16=0.3125in (3/8-16 tap), 27/64=0.4219in (1/2-13 tap). Metric: 5mm for M6, 6.8mm for M8, 8.5mm for M10, 10.2mm for M12"
*nail*size*penny*	echo "Nail penny sizes: 2d=1in, 4d=1.5in, 6d=2in, 8d=2.5in, 10d=3in, 12d=3.25in, 16d=3.5in, 20d=4in, 40d=5in, 60d=6in. 'd' = penny. 16d common nail is the standard framing nail"
*what*joist*	echo "Joist: horizontal framing member supporting a floor or ceiling. Typically 2×8, 2×10, or 2×12 lumber spaced 16in on center"
*what*stud*	echo "Stud: vertical framing member in a wall. Standard: 2×4 or 2×6, 92-5/8in precut for 8ft walls, spaced 16in on center"
*what*on*center*	echo "On-center (OC): measurement from center of one framing member to center of the next. Standard spacing: 16in OC for walls/floors, 24in OC for some walls/rafters"
*omit*needless*word*	echo "Omit needless words. Vigorous writing is concise. Every word should tell. Not 'the question as to whether' but 'whether'. Not 'the fact that' but 'since/because'. Not 'in a hasty manner' but 'hastily'."
*active*voice*passive*voice*	echo "Active voice: subject acts (The dog bit the man). Passive voice: subject receives (The man was bitten). Use active by default — it is direct and vigorous. Passive is acceptable when the actor is unknown or the receiver matters more."
*what*parallel*construction*	echo "Parallel construction: express coordinate ideas in the same grammatical form. Not 'She likes hiking, to swim, and bikes' but 'She likes hiking, swimming, and biking.' Applies to lists, comparisons, and correlatives (both/and, not only/but also)."
*what*dangling*modifier*	echo "Dangling modifier: a phrase that modifies a word not present in the sentence. Wrong: 'Walking to school, the rain started.' (rain wasn't walking). Right: 'Walking to school, I got caught in the rain.'"
*subject*verb*agreement*	echo "Subject-verb agreement: singular subjects take singular verbs, plural take plural. Traps: 'each/every' = singular, 'neither/either' = singular, collective nouns = usually singular (the team is), phrases between subject and verb don't change number."
*concrete*language*	echo "Use concrete language. Prefer the specific to the general, the definite to the vague. Not 'a period of unfavorable weather' but 'it rained every day for a week.' Not 'He showed satisfaction' but 'He grinned.'"
*what*topic*sentence*	echo "Topic sentence: the sentence (usually first) that states the paragraph's main idea. Every paragraph should have one. The rest of the paragraph supports, illustrates, or qualifies it."
*what*thesis*statement*	echo "Thesis statement: a single sentence declaring the essay's central argument. It is specific, debatable, and guides the entire piece. Usually at the end of the introduction."
*how*tie*bowline*	echo "Bowline (non-slip loop): Make a small loop in the standing line. Pass the free end up through the loop, around behind the standing line, and back down through the loop. 'Rabbit comes out of the hole, goes around the tree, back down the hole.' Secure under load, easy to untie."
*how*tie*clove*hitch*	echo "Clove hitch (quick post/pole tie): Wrap rope around post, cross over itself, wrap around post again, tuck end under last wrap. Fast to tie/untie, can slip under variable load. Good for temporary ties."
*how*tie*square*knot*	echo "Square knot (joining two ends): Right over left and tuck, then left over right and tuck. Lies flat. For bandages and non-critical joining. NOT for joining ropes under load — use a sheet bend instead."
*how*tie*taut*line*	echo "Taut-line hitch (adjustable loop, tent guy lines): Wrap free end around standing line twice inside the loop, then once outside, and pass through. Slides to adjust tension, holds under load."
*how*start*fire*without*match*	echo "Fire without matches: 1) Friction (bow drill): notched fireboard, spindle, bow, socket. Spin spindle in notch to create ember in tinder bundle. 2) Flint+steel: strike steel against flint into char cloth. 3) Lens: focus sunlight through lens onto tinder. Always: tinder → kindling → fuel. Tinder must be dry and fine."
*how*purify*water*	echo "Purify water: 1) Boiling: rolling boil for 1 minute (3 min above 6,500 ft). 2) Chemical: 2 drops unscented bleach per quart, wait 30 min. 3) Filter: commercial filter or improvised (sand/charcoal/gravel layers). Always filter sediment first before chemical treatment."
*how*find*north*without*compass*	echo "Find north without compass: 1) Stick shadow: plant stick, mark tip of shadow, wait 15 min, mark again. Line between marks runs east-west (first mark = west). 2) Night (N hemisphere): find Big Dipper, extend pointer stars 5× to Polaris. 3) Watch: point hour hand at sun, halfway between it and 12 is south."
*rule*of*three*survival*	echo "Rule of Threes: survive ~3 minutes without air, ~3 hours without shelter (extreme weather), ~3 days without water, ~3 weeks without food. Prioritize in that order."
*first*aid*bleeding*	echo "Bleeding: Apply direct pressure with clean cloth. Elevate above heart. If severe, apply tourniquet 2-3in above wound, note the time, do NOT remove. Pack wound if possible. Call 911."
*first*aid*burn*	echo "Burns: Cool with cool (not ice) running water for 10-20 min. Cover loosely with sterile non-stick dressing. Do NOT apply butter/ointment to serious burns. Do NOT pop blisters. Seek help for burns larger than palm, on face/joints/genitals, or full thickness."
*first*aid*choking*	echo "Choking (adult): Ask 'are you choking?' If they can't speak/cough: stand behind, fist above navel, grasp with other hand, give firm upward abdominal thrusts (Heimlich). Repeat until object clears or person goes unconscious. If unconscious: call 911, begin CPR, check mouth before breaths."
*CPR*steps*	echo "CPR (adult): 1) Call 911. 2) Place heel of hand on center of chest (between nipples). 3) Push hard and fast: 2 inches deep, 100-120 compressions/min. 4) After 30 compressions, tilt head, lift chin, give 2 breaths. 5) Repeat 30:2. Use AED as soon as available. Don't stop until help arrives."
*how*signal*for*help*	echo "Signal for help: 3 of anything = distress (3 fires, 3 whistle blasts, 3 gunshots). Mirror flash toward aircraft. Ground signals: large X = need help, V = need assistance, → = traveling this way. Bright/contrasting materials on ground. Whistle carries farther than voice."
*what*do*if*lost*	echo "If lost: STOP. Sit down, Think, Observe, Plan. Stay put if possible — searchers look near last known position. Make yourself visible/audible. Build shelter before dark. Signal in threes. Conserve energy. Do NOT panic-walk deeper into unknown terrain."
*what*hypothermia*	echo "Hypothermia: core temp below 95°F/35°C. Signs: shivering, confusion, slurred speech, drowsiness. Treatment: get to shelter, remove wet clothes, warm core first (blankets, body heat, warm drinks if conscious). Do NOT rub extremities, give alcohol, or use direct heat. Severe: call 911."
*what*heat*stroke*	echo "Heat stroke: core temp above 104°F/40°C. Signs: hot dry skin (or profuse sweating), confusion, rapid pulse, unconsciousness. EMERGENCY: call 911. Move to shade, cool aggressively (ice packs on neck/armpits/groin, cool water immersion). Do NOT give fluids if unconscious."
*how*build*shelter*	echo "Emergency shelter: 1) Lean-to: ridgepole between two trees, lean branches at 45°, layer with leaves/debris. 2) Debris hut: ridgepole on ground to crotched stick, pile debris thick (2-3 ft) over frame, stuff inside with leaves for insulation. Face opening away from wind. Smaller = warmer."
*what*quorum*	echo "Quorum: the minimum number of members who must be present to conduct business. Typically a majority (more than half) of the membership. No quorum = no votes, only adjourn or take measures to obtain a quorum."
*what*motion*how*make*motion*	echo "A motion is a formal proposal for the group to take action. To make one: obtain the floor ('Mr./Madam Chair'), state 'I move that [specific action].' Must be seconded before discussion. Chair restates the motion, opens debate, then calls the vote."
*what*seconding*motion*	echo "Seconding: another member says 'I second the motion' (or just 'Second'). Indicates at least two people want to discuss it. No second = motion dies. Seconding does NOT mean agreement, just willingness to consider."
*what*tabling*motion*	echo "Tabling (Lay on the Table): postpones a motion with no set time to resume. Requires majority vote, is not debatable. 'Take from the table' brings it back. Often confused with Postpone Definitely (to a specific time), which is usually what's actually wanted."
*what*point*of*order*	echo "Point of order: a member calls out a rules violation. Say 'Point of order' — no need to be recognized. The chair rules immediately. If the member disagrees with the ruling, they may appeal to the assembly, which decides by majority vote."
*what*roll*call*vote*	echo "Roll call vote: the secretary calls each member's name; each responds yea, nay, or abstain. Used when a record of individual votes is required. Can be requested by rule or by motion (typically requires a majority or specified fraction to order)."
*what*unanimous*consent*	echo "Unanimous consent: the chair asks 'Without objection, [action].' If no one objects, it passes immediately. One objection = must use a formal vote. Speeds up routine/uncontroversial business."
*what*agenda*	echo "Agenda: the order of business. Standard (Robert's): 1) Call to order, 2) Reading/approval of minutes, 3) Reports of officers, 4) Reports of committees, 5) Special orders, 6) Unfinished business, 7) New business, 8) Adjournment. Can be modified by majority vote."
*poker*hand*rank*	echo "Poker hand rankings (high to low): Royal flush, Straight flush, Four of a kind, Full house, Flush, Straight, Three of a kind, Two pair, One pair, High card. Suits never break ties in standard poker."
*rules*of*poker*	echo "Poker basics (Texas Hold'em): each player gets 2 hole cards. 5 community cards dealt in stages (flop 3, turn 1, river 1). Betting rounds after deal, flop, turn, river. Best 5-card hand from any combo of hole + community cards wins. Blinds force action."
*rules*of*chess*how*pieces*move*	echo "Chess: 16 pieces each. King: 1 square any direction. Queen: any number, any direction. Rook: any number, rank/file. Bishop: any number, diagonal. Knight: L-shape (2+1), jumps pieces. Pawn: forward 1 (2 from start), captures diagonally. Special: castling, en passant, promotion. Checkmate wins."
*rules*of*checkers*	echo "Checkers: 12 pieces each on dark squares. Pieces move diagonally forward 1 square. Capture by jumping diagonally over opponent (mandatory if available). Reaching far row = king (moves/captures forward and backward). Win by capturing all or blocking all moves."
*rules*of*backgammon*	echo "Backgammon: 15 pieces each, move around 24 points by dice roll. Move pieces toward your home board and bear off. Landing on a lone opponent piece (blot) sends it to the bar. Pieces on the bar must re-enter before other moves. Doubles = move twice. First to bear off all pieces wins. Doubling cube for stakes."
*rules*of*hearts*	echo "Hearts (4 players, 52 cards): deal all cards. Pass 3 cards each round (L, R, across, none). Lead of 2♣. Follow suit; if void, play anything. No hearts or Q♠ on first trick unless void. Hearts can't be led until broken. Each heart = 1 pt, Q♠ = 13 pts. Shooting the moon (all hearts + Q♠) = 0 for you, 26 to others. First to 100 loses."
*rules*of*spades*	echo "Spades (4 players, partnerships): deal 13 each. Bid tricks your side will take (total). Spades always trump. Must follow suit. Making bid = 10×bid pts + overtricks. Overtricks accumulate; 10 bags = -100 penalty. Failing bid = -10×bid. Nil bid = 100 if made, -100 if not. First to 500 wins."
*rules*of*bridge*	echo "Bridge basics: 4 players, 2 partnerships. Deal 13 each. Bidding determines contract (tricks to win, trump suit or notrump). Declarer plays both own hand and dummy (partner's exposed hand). Defenders try to set the contract. 13 tricks total. Scoring: making contract = points, going down = penalties."
*rules*of*cribbage*	echo "Cribbage (2 players): deal 6 cards each, discard 2 to crib (dealer's bonus hand). Cut a starter card. Play cards alternating, running total to 31 (points for 15, pairs, runs). Then score hands: 15s=2pts, pairs=2, runs=per card, flush=4-5, nobs (J of starter suit)=1. First to 121 on the board wins."
*rules*of*go*	echo "Go: black and white stones on 19×19 grid (also 9×9, 13×13). Alternate placing stones on intersections. Surround opponent's stones to capture (remove all liberties). Suicide is illegal. Ko rule prevents immediate recapture of single stone. Territory = empty intersections you surround. Most territory + captures wins. Komi (6.5) compensates white for going second."
*rules*of*mahjong*	echo "Mahjong basics: 4 players, 144 tiles (suits: dots, bamboo, characters 1-9 ×4; honors: winds ×4, dragons ×4). Draw and discard to form a winning hand: 4 sets (3 of a kind or 3 in sequence) + 1 pair = 14 tiles. Can claim discards for sets. Many regional variations (Chinese, Japanese Riichi, American). First complete hand wins."
#
# --- self-sufficiency / Whole Earth / quotations / medical ---
*split*wood*	echo "Drive a maul into the round along the grain. A maul (6-8 lb, wedge-shaped) splits; an axe (3-4 lb, thin blade) cuts across grain. Use the maul for splitting, axe for felling and limbing."
*maul*vs*axe*	echo "A maul is heavy (6-8 lb) with a wide wedge head for splitting along the grain. An axe is lighter (3-4 lb) with a thin blade for cutting across the grain. Different tools, different jobs."
*seasoned*wood*	echo "Seasoned wood is firewood dried to under 20% moisture content. Green wood burns poorly and creates creosote. Season by splitting, stacking off the ground with airflow, and waiting 6-12 months (hardwood may need 1-2 years)."
*how*long*season*firewood*	echo "6-12 months for softwood, 1-2 years for hardwood. Split it, stack it off the ground, bark side up, with good airflow. Moisture meter should read below 20%."
*cord*of*wood*	echo "A cord is a stack of firewood 4 feet wide, 4 feet high, 8 feet long — 128 cubic feet. A face cord (or rick) is one row 4x8 feet, typically 16 inches deep."
*sharpen*an*axe*	echo "File the edge with a bastard mill file, pushing into the blade at the existing bevel angle (~25-30°). Finish with a coarse then fine whetstone in circular motions. Strop on leather. Keep it sharper than you think."
*sharpen*a*chainsaw*	echo "Use a round file matched to chain pitch (typically 3/16 or 7/32 inch). File each cutter at 30° angle, same number of strokes per tooth. Lower depth gauges with a flat file and gauge tool when they get tall."
*smokehouse*	echo "A small structure for preserving meat with wood smoke. Cold smoke (under 90°F) for days to weeks preserves; hot smoke (125-175°F) cooks and flavors. Salt/cure the meat first. Hardwoods only — hickory, oak, apple."
*how*to*smoke*meat*	echo "Salt-cure the meat first (dry rub or brine). Hang in a smokehouse. Cold smoke below 90°F for preservation, hot smoke 125-175°F for cooking. Use hardwood — hickory, oak, apple, cherry. Never softwood (resin taints the meat)."
*lye*soap*	echo "Soap made from lye (potassium hydroxide from wood ash leachate) and rendered animal fat. Pour lye water into melted fat, stir until trace, pour into molds. Saponification converts fat + alkali into soap + glycerin. Cure 4-6 weeks."
*how*to*make*soap*	echo "1) Render fat (tallow/lard). 2) Make lye from hardwood ash or buy NaOH. 3) Heat fat, mix lye solution. 4) Combine at ~100°F, stir to trace. 5) Pour into molds. 6) Cure 4-6 weeks. The chemical reaction is saponification."
*what*is*tallow*	echo "Tallow is rendered beef or mutton fat. Cut suet into small pieces, heat low and slow until fat melts out, strain solids. Used for soap, candles, cooking, leather conditioning. Keeps months without refrigeration."
*rendered*fat*	echo "Fat heated slowly to separate pure fat from connective tissue (cracklings). Tallow from beef, lard from pork, schmaltz from poultry. Strain through cheesecloth. Shelf-stable, used for cooking, soap, candles."
*what*is*a*well*	echo "A hole dug or drilled to reach groundwater in an aquifer. Hand-dug wells are shallow (10-30 ft). Drilled wells go 100-400+ ft. Lined with casing to prevent collapse and contamination. Water drawn by bucket, hand pump, or electric pump."
*how*deep*is*a*well*	echo "Depends on water table depth. Shallow hand-dug wells: 10-30 feet. Drilled wells: commonly 100-400 feet, sometimes 1000+. Depth varies by geology and region. A well driller or county records will tell you local depth."
*septic*system*	echo "On-site wastewater treatment: a buried tank separates solids (which bacteria digest) from liquid effluent, which flows to a drain field and percolates through soil for final treatment. Pump the tank every 3-5 years."
*how*does*a*septic*work*	echo "Wastewater flows to a tank. Solids settle, grease floats, bacteria break down waste anaerobically. Clarified effluent flows to a drain field — perforated pipes in gravel trenches — where soil microbes finish treatment. Don't flush chemicals."
*what*is*a*cistern*	echo "A tank for collecting and storing rainwater, usually from roof runoff. Can be above or below ground. Not a well (no groundwater). Used where wells are impractical. Filter and treat before drinking."
*spring*house*	echo "A small building constructed over a natural spring. The cold running water (50-55°F year-round) keeps food cool — the original refrigerator. Built of stone or wood, with a shallow trough for crocks of milk, butter, and meat."
*cob*building*	echo "Building with cob: a mixture of clay-rich earth, sand, and straw mixed wet and applied by hand in courses. No forms needed. Thick thermal-mass walls, sculptable, very old technique. Not the same as adobe (which uses molded bricks)."
*what*is*adobe*	echo "Sun-dried bricks made from clay, sand, water, and straw. Shaped in wooden molds, dried in the sun. Stacked with mud mortar into thick walls with high thermal mass — cool in day, warm at night. Ancient technique, still used worldwide."
*timber*frame*	echo "A building method using large wooden posts and beams joined by mortise-and-tenon joints secured with wooden pegs. No nails or metal fasteners in traditional work. The frame carries all structural load; walls are non-load-bearing infill."
*post*and*beam*	echo "Structural system of vertical posts and horizontal beams. Similar to timber frame but may use metal fasteners instead of traditional joinery. The frame carries the load; walls just enclose space. Allows open floor plans."
*chinking*	echo "The material filling gaps between logs in a log cabin. Traditionally daubed with mud, clay, moss, or lime mortar. Modern chinking is flexible synthetic caulk. Keeps out wind, rain, and insects. Must flex as logs expand and contract."
*dutch*oven*cast*iron*	echo "A heavy cast-iron pot with a flanged lid that holds coals on top. Heat from above and below makes it an oven. Used over campfires or in hearths for baking bread, stews, roasts. Season with oil. Will outlast you."
*whole*earth*catalog*	echo "Published by Stewart Brand, 1968-1972 (and later). A counterculture catalog of tools, books, and resources for self-sufficient living. Organized by purpose, not product. Famously: 'access to tools.' Steve Jobs called it 'Google in paperback form.'"
*access*to*tools*	echo "Core philosophy of the Whole Earth Catalog (Stewart Brand): people need direct access to tools and knowledge for self-education and self-sufficiency. Not mediated by institutions. The catalog was a directory of what tools exist and where to find them."
*appropriate*technology*	echo "Technology designed with special consideration for environmental, ethical, cultural, and economic context. Often small-scale, labor-intensive, locally maintainable. Opposed to high-tech solutions imposed without regard for local conditions. See also: intermediate technology."
*intermediate*technology*	echo "Term from E.F. Schumacher (Small Is Beautiful, 1973). Technology between primitive and high-tech — affordable, maintainable locally, uses local materials. More productive than hand tools, less dependent than industrial equipment. Now often called 'appropriate technology.'"
*what*is*decentralization*	echo "Distributing power, decision-making, or infrastructure away from a single center. In governance: local autonomy. In technology: peer-to-peer over client-server. In economics: cooperatives over corporations. The Whole Earth Catalog ethos applied to systems."
*bioregionalism*	echo "Organizing human activity around natural ecological regions (watersheds, soil types, plant communities) rather than political boundaries. Know your bioregion: where does your water come from? What soil are you on? What grew here before?"
*voluntary*simplicity*	echo "Deliberately choosing a life with fewer material possessions and less consumption. Not poverty — intentional focus on what matters. Less stuff, more time. Traced to Thoreau, formalized by Duane Elgin (1981). The point is freedom, not deprivation."
*intentional*community*	echo "A group of people who choose to live together or near each other with a shared purpose — could be ecological, spiritual, economic, or social. Broader than communes. Includes cohousing, ecovillages, and cooperative housing."
*commune*vs*cooperative*	echo "A commune shares income and property collectively. A cooperative is jointly owned and democratically controlled by members but individuals keep separate finances. Co-ops can be housing, worker-owned businesses, or food buying clubs. Less total, more practical."
*mutual*aid*	echo "Reciprocal voluntary exchange of resources and services. Not charity (top-down) — horizontal, between equals. Kropotkin formalized it (1902) as a factor in evolution. Practiced in community land trusts, tool libraries, barn raisings, and disaster relief networks."
*land*trust*	echo "A nonprofit that holds land for community benefit, removing it from the speculative market. Community Land Trusts (CLTs) own the land, residents own the buildings. Keeps housing affordable in perpetuity. The commons, formalized."
*what*is*commons*	echo "Resources held in common by a community — not privately owned, not state-owned. Pastures, fisheries, water, knowledge, software. Governed by shared rules. Works when the community is small enough to self-govern and enforce norms."
*tragedy*of*the*commons*	echo "Garrett Hardin, 1968: individuals acting in self-interest deplete shared resources. But Elinor Ostrom (Nobel 2009) showed communities do successfully govern commons with clear boundaries, local rules, and monitoring. The tragedy is not inevitable — bad governance is."
*who*said*the*unexamined*life*	echo "Socrates: 'The unexamined life is not worth living.' Spoken at his trial in 399 BC, reported in Plato's Apology (38a). He chose death over silence."
*who*said*i*think*therefore*	echo "René Descartes: 'Cogito, ergo sum' — 'I think, therefore I am.' Discourse on the Method, 1637. The one thing he could not doubt: that he was doubting."
*who*said*to*be*or*not*to*be*	echo "Hamlet (Shakespeare), Act III, Scene 1. 'To be, or not to be, that is the question.' Hamlet contemplates existence and death. Written c. 1600."
*who*said*give*me*liberty*	echo "Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775, at the Second Virginia Convention: 'Give me liberty, or give me death!' Arguing for armed resistance against Britain. (The exact words may be a reconstruction by William Wirt, 1817.)"
*who*said*the*only*thing*we*have*to*fear*	echo "Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933: 'The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.' Spoken during the Great Depression."
*who*said*i*have*a*dream*	echo "Martin Luther King Jr., August 28, 1963, at the March on Washington. The refrain 'I have a dream' was partly improvised — Mahalia Jackson called out 'Tell them about the dream, Martin.'"
*who*said*one*small*step*	echo "Neil Armstrong, July 20, 1969, stepping onto the Moon: 'That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.' The 'a' was likely spoken but lost in transmission static."
*who*said*power*tends*to*corrupt*	echo "Lord Acton (John Dalberg-Acton), in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, 1887: 'Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.' Often misquoted without 'tends to.'"
*who*said*those*who*cannot*remember*the*past*	echo "George Santayana, The Life of Reason, 1905: 'Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.' Often misattributed to Churchill, who paraphrased it."
*who*said*the*medium*is*the*message*	echo "Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964: 'The medium is the message.' The form of communication shapes what is communicated more than the content does."
*who*said*less*is*more*	echo "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, architect, adopted this phrase (originally from Robert Browning's poem 'Andrea del Sarto,' 1855). Mies used it as a design principle for minimalist architecture."
*who*said*form*follows*function*	echo "Louis Sullivan, architect, 'The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered,' 1896: 'Form ever follows function.' The shape of a building should derive from its purpose."
*who*said*make*it*work*make*it*right*make*it*fast*	echo "Kent Beck. The full sequence: 1) Make it work. 2) Make it right (clean, clear). 3) Make it fast (only if needed). Do them in order. Most people skip to 3."
*who*said*premature*optimization*	echo "Donald Knuth, 'Structured Programming with go to Statements,' 1974: 'Premature optimization is the root of all evil.' Full quote adds: 'Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%.'"
*who*said*simplicity*is*the*ultimate*sophistication*	echo "Often attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, but no primary source confirms it. The earliest known appearance is in a 1977 Apple II marketing brochure. Attribution uncertain."
*who*said*perfection*is*achieved*not*when*there*is*nothing*more*to*add*	echo "Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Terre des hommes (Wind, Sand and Stars), 1939: 'Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.'"
*what*is*blood*pressure*	echo "The force of blood against artery walls. Measured as systolic/diastolic (e.g., 120/80 mmHg). Systolic = heart contracting, diastolic = heart resting. Normal: below 120/80. Hypertension: 130/80+. High BP damages vessels silently over years."
*normal*blood*pressure*	echo "Below 120/80 mmHg. Elevated: 120-129/<80. Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89. Stage 2: 140+/90+. Hypertensive crisis: above 180/120 — seek emergency care. Measure at rest, sitting, arm at heart level."
*what*is*heart*rate*	echo "Number of heartbeats per minute. Normal resting: 60-100 bpm for adults. Athletes may be lower (40-60). Measured at wrist (radial) or neck (carotid). Affected by fitness, stress, caffeine, medications, fever."
*resting*heart*rate*	echo "Heart rate measured at rest, sitting or lying, calm. Normal adult: 60-100 bpm. Well-conditioned athletes: 40-60 bpm. Consistently above 100 at rest (tachycardia) or below 60 with symptoms warrants evaluation."
*what*is*BMI*	echo "Body Mass Index: weight(kg) / height(m)². Underweight: <18.5, Normal: 18.5-24.9, Overweight: 25-29.9, Obese: 30+. A rough screening tool, not a diagnosis — doesn't distinguish muscle from fat or account for frame."
*how*to*calculate*BMI*	echo "BMI = weight in kg ÷ (height in meters)². Or: (weight in pounds × 703) ÷ (height in inches)². Example: 70 kg, 1.75 m → 70 / 3.0625 = 22.9. It's a screening number, not a health verdict."
*what*is*a*fever*	echo "Body temperature elevated above the normal range, typically above 100.4°F (38°C). A fever is the immune system's response to infection — it's a symptom, not a disease. Treat the cause; manage discomfort if needed."
*what*temperature*is*a*fever*	echo "100.4°F (38°C) or higher is generally considered a fever. Normal body temp averages 98.6°F (37°C) but varies by person, time of day, and measurement site. Seek care for fever above 103°F or lasting more than 3 days."
*dehydration*	echo "Insufficient body water. Signs: dark urine, dry mouth, thirst, dizziness, fatigue, reduced urine output. Severe: rapid heartbeat, confusion, fainting. Causes: inadequate intake, vomiting, diarrhea, heat, exertion. Treat: drink water and electrolytes."
*signs*of*dehydration*	echo "Thirst, dark yellow urine, dry mouth/lips, headache, fatigue, dizziness. Severe: sunken eyes, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, confusion, no tears when crying (in children). Skin turgor test: pinched skin tents instead of snapping back."
*what*is*anemia*	echo "Low red blood cell count or hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery. Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness. Causes: iron deficiency (most common), B12/folate deficiency, chronic disease, blood loss. Diagnosed by CBC blood test."
*what*is*an*antibiotic*	echo "A drug that kills or inhibits bacteria. Does NOT work on viruses (colds, flu, COVID). Types: penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones. Always complete the full course. Overuse drives resistance."
*antibiotic*resistance*	echo "Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotics. Caused by overuse, misuse, and incomplete courses. Resistant infections are harder and more expensive to treat. A serious global health threat. Use antibiotics only when prescribed and finish the course."
*what*is*an*antihistamine*	echo "A drug that blocks histamine receptors, reducing allergy symptoms (sneezing, itching, hives, runny nose). First-gen (diphenhydramine/Benadryl): causes drowsiness. Second-gen (cetirizine/Zyrtec, loratadine/Claritin): mostly non-drowsy."
*ibuprofen*vs*acetaminophen*	echo "Ibuprofen (Advil): NSAID, anti-inflammatory + pain + fever. Take with food; avoid with kidney issues or stomach ulcers. Acetaminophen (Tylenol): pain + fever only, no anti-inflammatory effect. Easier on stomach; hard on liver with overuse or alcohol."
*what*is*a*vaccine*	echo "A preparation that trains the immune system to recognize and fight a specific pathogen without causing the disease. Contains weakened/killed pathogen, protein subunit, or mRNA instructions. The immune system builds memory — faster response on real exposure."
*how*vaccines*work*	echo "A vaccine introduces an antigen (harmless piece of a pathogen). The immune system responds: B-cells make antibodies, T-cells learn to kill infected cells. Memory cells persist — if the real pathogen arrives, the response is fast and strong. That's immunity."
*what*is*an*allergy*	echo "An immune system overreaction to a normally harmless substance (pollen, dust, food, venom). The body produces IgE antibodies, triggering histamine release: sneezing, itching, swelling, hives. Ranges from mild nuisance to life-threatening anaphylaxis."
*what*is*anaphylaxis*	echo "A severe, rapid, potentially fatal allergic reaction. Symptoms: throat swelling, difficulty breathing, drop in blood pressure, hives, vomiting. Treat IMMEDIATELY with epinephrine (EpiPen) and call emergency services. Minutes matter."
*what*is*asthma*	echo "Chronic inflammation of the airways causing episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Triggers: allergens, cold air, exercise, smoke. Managed with inhaled corticosteroids (controller) and bronchodilators (rescue)."
*diabetes*type*1*vs*type*2*	echo "Type 1: autoimmune — immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells. Requires insulin. Usually diagnosed young. Type 2: insulin resistance — cells don't respond well to insulin. Linked to weight/lifestyle. Managed with diet, exercise, medication, sometimes insulin."
*what*is*cholesterol*	echo "A waxy fat in blood, essential for cell membranes and hormones. LDL ('bad'): deposits in artery walls, builds plaque. HDL ('good'): carries cholesterol back to liver for removal. High LDL + low HDL = higher cardiovascular risk."
*HDL*vs*LDL*	echo "HDL (high-density lipoprotein): 'good' cholesterol, removes cholesterol from arteries. Target: 60+ mg/dL. LDL (low-density lipoprotein): 'bad' cholesterol, builds arterial plaque. Target: under 100 mg/dL (lower if high risk)."
*what*is*blood*sugar*	echo "Glucose level in the blood. Fasting normal: 70-99 mg/dL. Prediabetes: 100-125. Diabetes: 126+. Blood sugar spikes after eating and is regulated by insulin. Chronic high blood sugar damages vessels, nerves, kidneys, and eyes."
*what*is*A1C*	echo "Hemoglobin A1C: a blood test showing average blood sugar over 2-3 months. Normal: below 5.7%. Prediabetes: 5.7-6.4%. Diabetes: 6.5%+. Measures the percentage of hemoglobin with attached glucose. Doesn't require fasting."
#
# --- two-tier: echo (almanac) + kiwix-search (encyclopedia) ---
what*is*a*fever	echo "100.4°F / 38°C oral threshold. Rectal runs 0.5–1°F higher. Treat >102°F adults, >100.4°F infants."
explain*fever	kiwix-search fever
read*about*fever	kiwix-search fever
what*is*normal*blood*pressure	echo "120/80 mmHg. Elevated: 120-129/<80. Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89. Crisis: >180/120."
explain*blood*pressure	kiwix-search blood pressure
read*about*blood*pressure	kiwix-search blood pressure
how*to*do*cpr	echo "30 chest compressions (2 inches deep, 100-120/min) then 2 rescue breaths. Repeat. Push hard, push fast."
explain*cpr	kiwix-search cardiopulmonary resuscitation
read*about*cpr	kiwix-search cardiopulmonary resuscitation
what*to*do*for*choking	echo "Conscious adult: 5 back blows then 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich). Repeat until clear or unconscious."
explain*choking	kiwix-search choking
read*about*choking	kiwix-search choking
how*to*stop*bleeding	echo "Direct pressure with clean cloth. Elevate above heart. Tourniquet 2-3in above wound only if life-threatening."
explain*bleeding	kiwix-search hemorrhage
read*about*bleeding	kiwix-search hemorrhage
how*to*treat*burns	echo "Cool running water 10-20 min. No ice, no butter. Cover loosely. Seek help for burns >3in or on face/joints/genitals."
explain*burns	kiwix-search burn (injury)
read*about*burns	kiwix-search burn (injury)
what*to*do*for*broken*bone	echo "Immobilize above and below fracture. Splint in position found. Ice for swelling. Do not straighten. Seek ER."
explain*broken*bone	kiwix-search bone fracture
read*about*broken*bone	kiwix-search bone fracture
what*is*a*concussion	echo "Mild TBI from head impact. Signs: headache, confusion, nausea, light sensitivity. No sleep restriction myth. Watch 24-48h."
explain*concussion	kiwix-search concussion
read*about*concussion	kiwix-search concussion
what*is*allergic*reaction	echo "Mild: hives, itching → antihistamine. Anaphylaxis: throat swelling, difficulty breathing → epinephrine (EpiPen) + 911 immediately."
explain*allergic*reaction	kiwix-search anaphylaxis
read*about*allergic*reaction	kiwix-search anaphylaxis
what*is*dehydration	echo "Fluid loss >2% body weight. Signs: dark urine, dry mouth, dizziness. Treat: small frequent sips of water + electrolytes."
explain*dehydration	kiwix-search dehydration
read*about*dehydration	kiwix-search dehydration
what*are*stroke*signs	echo "FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech slurred, Time to call 911. Note onset time for treatment window."
explain*stroke	kiwix-search stroke
read*about*stroke	kiwix-search stroke
what*are*heart*attack*signs	echo "Chest pressure/squeezing, jaw/arm/back pain, shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea. Chew aspirin 325mg, call 911."
explain*heart*attack	kiwix-search myocardial infarction
read*about*heart*attack	kiwix-search myocardial infarction
what*is*diabetes	echo "Type 1: no insulin production. Type 2: insulin resistance. Normal fasting glucose: 70-100 mg/dL. A1C <5.7% normal."
explain*diabetes	kiwix-search diabetes mellitus
read*about*diabetes	kiwix-search diabetes mellitus
what*is*asthma	echo "Chronic airway inflammation. Triggers: allergens, exercise, cold air. Rescue inhaler (albuterol) for attacks. Controller daily."
explain*asthma	kiwix-search asthma
read*about*asthma	kiwix-search asthma
what*to*do*for*seizure	echo "Clear area, protect head, turn on side. Do NOT restrain or put anything in mouth. Time it. Call 911 if >5 min or first seizure."
explain*seizure	kiwix-search epileptic seizure
read*about*seizure	kiwix-search epileptic seizure
how*to*tie*a*bowline	echo "Make a loop (rabbit hole). Tail up through loop, around standing line, back down through loop. 'Rabbit out, around tree, back in.'"
explain*bowline	kiwix-search bowline
read*about*bowline	kiwix-search bowline
how*to*tie*a*square*knot	echo "Right over left, tuck under. Left over right, tuck under. Both tails exit same side of loop. Flat, not granny."
explain*square*knot	kiwix-search reef knot
read*about*square*knot	kiwix-search reef knot
how*to*tie*a*clove*hitch	echo "Two half-hitches same direction around post. Quick temporary hold. Wrap, cross over, wrap again, tuck under second wrap."
explain*clove*hitch	kiwix-search clove hitch
read*about*clove*hitch	kiwix-search clove hitch
how*to*start*a*fire	echo "Tinder (dry grass/bark shavings) → kindling (pencil-thick sticks) → fuel (arm-thick wood). Teepee or log cabin lay. Shield from wind."
explain*fire*starting	kiwix-search fire making
read*about*fire*starting	kiwix-search fire making
how*to*purify*water	echo "Boil 1 min (3 min >6500ft). Or: 2 drops bleach (6% sodium hypochlorite) per quart, wait 30 min. Or commercial filter <0.2 micron."
explain*water*purification	kiwix-search water purification
read*about*water*purification	kiwix-search water purification
how*to*find*north	echo "Stick shadow: mark tip, wait 15 min, mark again. Line between marks runs E-W, perpendicular is N-S. Night: Polaris at end of Little Dipper handle."
explain*finding*north	kiwix-search celestial navigation
read*about*finding*north	kiwix-search celestial navigation
how*to*build*a*shelter	echo "Lean-to: ridgepole between two trees at 45°. Layer branches, then leaves/debris 2-3ft thick. Opening away from wind. Insulate ground."
explain*shelter*building	kiwix-search survival shelter
read*about*shelter*building	kiwix-search survival shelter
what*is*hypothermia	echo "Core temp <95°F. Shivering, confusion, slurred speech. Remove wet clothes, insulate, warm center (armpits/groin). No alcohol. Gentle handling."
explain*hypothermia	kiwix-search hypothermia
read*about*hypothermia	kiwix-search hypothermia
what*is*heat*stroke	echo "Core temp >104°F, no sweating, confusion, hot red skin. EMERGENCY. Cool immediately: ice packs neck/armpits/groin, mist+fan. Call 911."
explain*heat*stroke	kiwix-search heat stroke
read*about*heat*stroke	kiwix-search heat stroke
what*to*do*for*snakebite	echo "Stay calm, immobilize limb at/below heart level. Remove rings/watches. Mark swelling edge+time. NO tourniquet, NO cutting, NO sucking. ER now."
explain*snakebite	kiwix-search snake bite
read*about*snakebite	kiwix-search snake bite
how*to*signal*for*help	echo "Three of anything: 3 fires, 3 whistle blasts, 3 mirror flashes. Ground-to-air: large X = need help, V = need assistance, I = need medical."
explain*signaling*for*help	kiwix-search distress signal
read*about*signaling*for*help	kiwix-search distress signal
wire*gauge*for*20*amp	echo "12 AWG copper (20A). 14 AWG = 15A. 10 AWG = 30A. Romex NM-B for residential. Derate for long runs >50ft or bundling."
explain*wire*gauge	kiwix-search American wire gauge
read*about*wire*gauge	kiwix-search American wire gauge
drill*bit*for*quarter*bolt	echo "1/4-20 tap drill: #7 (0.201in). Clearance hole: 17/64in. For lag bolt pilot hole: 5/32in softwood, 3/16in hardwood."
explain*drill*bit*sizes	kiwix-search drill bit sizes
read*about*drill*bit*sizes	kiwix-search drill bit sizes
what*are*common*torque*specs	echo "1/4-20: 75 in-lb. 5/16-18: 132 in-lb. 3/8-16: 264 in-lb. 1/2-13: 636 in-lb. Grade 5 steel, dry. Lubed: reduce ~25%."
explain*torque*specs	kiwix-search torque
read*about*torque*specs	kiwix-search torque
how*to*calculate*board*feet	echo "Thickness(in) × Width(in) × Length(ft) / 12. Example: 2×6×8ft = 8 board feet. Nominal dimensions, not actual."
explain*board*foot	kiwix-search board foot
read*about*board*foot	kiwix-search board foot
what*is*on*center*spacing	echo "16in OC standard for walls/floors. 24in OC for some walls, roof rafters. Measure center-to-center of framing members."
explain*on*center*spacing	kiwix-search wall stud
read*about*on*center*spacing	kiwix-search wall stud
what*is*joist*span	echo "2×8 SPF #2 at 16in OC: ~12ft floor span. 2×10: ~15ft. 2×12: ~18ft. Check local code tables. Dead+live load 50 psf typical."
explain*joist*span	kiwix-search joist
read*about*joist*span	kiwix-search joist
what*are*common*nail*sizes	echo "8d=2.5in, 10d=3in, 16d=3.5in. 'd' = penny. Framing: 16d common. Sheathing: 8d. Finish: 6d-8d finish nails. Ring shank for decking."
explain*nail*sizes	kiwix-search nail (fastener)
read*about*nail*sizes	kiwix-search nail (fastener)
what*are*pipe*thread*sizes	echo "NPT: 1/2in pipe = 0.84in OD, 14 TPI. 3/4in = 1.05in OD, 14 TPI. Use Teflon tape on male threads. 1.5-3 wraps clockwise."
explain*pipe*threads	kiwix-search national pipe thread
read*about*pipe*threads	kiwix-search national pipe thread
when*to*plant*tomatoes	echo "After last frost, soil >60°F. Start indoors 6-8 weeks before last frost. Zone 7: mid-April transplant. Zone 5: late May."
explain*planting*tomatoes	kiwix-search tomato cultivation
read*about*planting*tomatoes	kiwix-search tomato cultivation
what*is*first*frost*date	echo "Zone 5: Oct 1-15. Zone 6: Oct 15-30. Zone 7: Nov 1-15. Zone 8: Nov 15-Dec 15. Check NOAA for your station's 50% probability date."
explain*first*frost	kiwix-search frost
read*about*first*frost	kiwix-search frost
what*are*moon*phases	echo "New → Waxing Crescent → First Quarter → Waxing Gibbous → Full → Waning Gibbous → Last Quarter → Waning Crescent. Cycle: 29.53 days."
explain*moon*phases	kiwix-search lunar phase
read*about*moon*phases	kiwix-search lunar phase
when*is*the*solstice	echo "Summer solstice: ~June 20-21 (longest day). Winter solstice: ~Dec 21-22 (shortest day). Northern hemisphere. Reversed in south."
explain*solstice	kiwix-search solstice
read*about*solstice	kiwix-search solstice
when*is*the*equinox	echo "Vernal equinox: ~March 20. Autumnal equinox: ~Sept 22. Day and night roughly equal. Marks astronomical spring/fall."
explain*equinox	kiwix-search equinox
read*about*equinox	kiwix-search equinox
what*time*is*sunrise	echo "Varies by latitude/date. Rough guide 40°N: Jun 21 ~5:30am, Dec 21 ~7:15am, equinoxes ~6:45am. Use NOAA solar calculator for exact."
explain*sunrise	kiwix-search sunrise
read*about*sunrise	kiwix-search sunrise
what*are*degree*days	echo "GDD = (daily high + daily low)/2 − base temp. Corn base: 50°F. Accumulate daily from planting. Corn silking: ~1400 GDD."
explain*degree*days	kiwix-search growing degree day
read*about*degree*days	kiwix-search growing degree day
what*are*hardiness*zones	echo "USDA zones by min winter temp. Zone 5: -20 to -10°F. Zone 7: 0 to 10°F. Zone 9: 20 to 30°F. Check planthardiness.ars.usda.gov."
explain*hardiness*zones	kiwix-search hardiness zone
read*about*hardiness*zones	kiwix-search hardiness zone
when*to*harvest*garlic	echo "When lower 3-4 leaves brown, upper 4-5 still green. Usually mid-July zone 5-7. Stop watering 2 weeks before. Cure 2-4 weeks in shade."
explain*harvesting*garlic	kiwix-search garlic
read*about*harvesting*garlic	kiwix-search garlic
how*to*make*a*roux	echo "Equal parts fat and flour by weight. Melt butter, whisk in flour. White: 2 min. Blond: 5 min. Dark: 15-20 min. Low-medium heat, constant stirring."
explain*roux	kiwix-search roux
read*about*roux	kiwix-search roux
how*to*make*sourdough*starter	echo "Day 1: 50g flour + 50g water. Daily: discard half, feed 50g flour + 50g water. Active by day 5-7. Doubles in 4-6hr when ready. Room temp."
explain*sourdough*starter	kiwix-search sourdough
read*about*sourdough*starter	kiwix-search sourdough
how*to*proof*bread	echo "Bulk ferment: 75-78°F, 4-6hr or until doubled. Shape, then cold retard 12-16hr in fridge. Poke test: indent springs back slowly = ready."
explain*bread*proofing	kiwix-search proofing (baking)
read*about*bread*proofing	kiwix-search proofing (baking)
how*to*sharpen*a*knife	echo "Coarse stone (400) → fine stone (1000) → strop. 15-20° angle. Edge leading strokes. 5-10 passes per side. Test: slice paper cleanly."
explain*knife*sharpening	kiwix-search sharpening
read*about*knife*sharpening	kiwix-search sharpening
how*to*season*cast*iron	echo "Wash, dry completely. Thin coat of flaxseed/crisco oil, wipe until looks dry. Bake upside down 450°F 1hr. Cool in oven. Repeat 3-6x."
explain*cast*iron*seasoning	kiwix-search cast iron cookware
read*about*cast*iron*seasoning	kiwix-search cast iron cookware
how*to*smoke*meat	echo "Low and slow: 225-250°F. Brisket: 1-1.5hr/lb to 203°F internal. Ribs 3-2-1 method (smoke/wrap/glaze). Rest 30-60 min after."
explain*smoking*meat	kiwix-search smoking (cooking)
read*about*smoking*meat	kiwix-search smoking (cooking)
what*is*canning	echo "Water bath: high-acid foods (fruit, pickles, tomatoes+acid), 212°F. Pressure canning: low-acid (meat, veg), 240°F/10-15 PSI. Follow NCHFP tested recipes."
explain*canning	kiwix-search canning
read*about*canning	kiwix-search canning
what*is*fermentation	echo "Anaerobic microbial conversion. Lacto-fermentation: 2-3% salt brine, submerge veg, room temp 3-7 days. Bubbles = CO2 = working. Refrigerate to slow."
explain*fermentation	kiwix-search fermentation
read*about*fermentation	kiwix-search fermentation
what*is*active*vs*passive*voice	echo "Active: subject acts (The dog bit the man). Passive: subject receives (The man was bitten). Prefer active. Use passive when actor is unknown or irrelevant."
explain*active*passive*voice	kiwix-search active voice
read*about*active*passive*voice	kiwix-search active voice
what*is*omit*needless*words	echo "Strunk Rule 17: 'Vigorous writing is concise.' Cut: the fact that, who is, which was, the question as to whether, there is/are, it is...that."
explain*omit*needless*words	kiwix-search The Elements of Style
read*about*omit*needless*words	kiwix-search The Elements of Style
what*is*parallel*construction	echo "Match grammatical form in lists/pairs. Wrong: 'to sing, dancing, and played.' Right: 'to sing, to dance, and to play.' Applies to correlatives (both/and, not only/but also)."
explain*parallel*construction	kiwix-search parallelism (grammar)
read*about*parallel*construction	kiwix-search parallelism (grammar)
what*is*a*dangling*modifier	echo "Modifier with no clear subject. Wrong: 'Walking to school, the rain started.' (Rain wasn't walking.) Right: 'Walking to school, I got caught in the rain.'"
explain*dangling*modifier	kiwix-search dangling modifier
read*about*dangling*modifier	kiwix-search dangling modifier
what*is*a*comma*splice	echo "Two independent clauses joined by only a comma. Wrong: 'It's cold, I need a coat.' Fix: semicolon, period, or conjunction. 'It's cold; I need a coat.'"
explain*comma*splice	kiwix-search comma splice
read*about*comma*splice	kiwix-search comma splice
what*are*poker*hand*rankings	echo "Royal flush > straight flush > four of a kind > full house > flush > straight > three of a kind > two pair > one pair > high card."
explain*poker*hands	kiwix-search poker hand
read*about*poker*hands	kiwix-search poker hand
how*do*chess*pieces*move	echo "King:1 any dir. Queen:any dist any dir. Rook:straight lines. Bishop:diagonals. Knight:L-shape (2+1), jumps. Pawn:forward 1 (2 from start), captures diagonal."
explain*chess*pieces	kiwix-search chess piece
read*about*chess*pieces	kiwix-search chess piece
how*to*play*go	echo "Black/white alternate placing stones on intersections. Surround territory. Capture by filling all liberties. Komi: white gets 6.5 points. Most territory wins."
explain*go	kiwix-search go (game)
read*about*go	kiwix-search go (game)
how*to*score*cribbage	echo "15s=2pts each combo. Pairs=2. Runs=1/card. Flush=4-5. Nobs (J matching starter)=1. Go=1. Last card=1. 31=2. Game to 121."
explain*cribbage	kiwix-search cribbage
read*about*cribbage	kiwix-search cribbage
# --- kids / gaming / homework / curiosity ---
*minecraft*	echo "Minecraft is a game where you build things out of blocks and explore infinite worlds. You can mine resources, craft tools, build houses, and survive against monsters at night."
*crafting table*	echo "Place 4 wood planks in a 2x2 crafting grid to make a crafting table. It gives you a 3x3 grid to make tools, weapons, and more."
*beat the ender dragon*	echo "1) Find a stronghold using Eyes of Ender. 2) Enter the End portal. 3) Destroy the End crystals on top of the obsidian towers. 4) Attack the dragon when it swoops down. Bring a bow, arrows, and good armor!"
*roblox*not*load*	echo "Try: 1) Restart Roblox. 2) Restart your computer. 3) Check your internet connection. 4) Make sure your system is up to date."
*roblox*slow*	echo "Close other programs to free up memory. Lower the graphics quality in Roblox settings. Make sure nothing else is using your internet."
*what*roblox*	echo "Roblox is a platform where people make and share games. You can play millions of different games other people created, or learn to make your own."
*what*fortnite*	echo "Fortnite is a game where 100 players drop onto an island and the last one standing wins. You find weapons, build structures, and the play area shrinks over time."
*battle royale*	echo "A battle royale is a type of game where many players compete and the last person or team alive wins. The play area gets smaller to push everyone together."
*what*creeper*	echo "A creeper is a green monster in Minecraft that sneaks up on you and explodes. If you hear a hissing sound, run! They drop gunpowder when defeated."
*what*skeleton*minecraft*	echo "Skeletons are hostile mobs in Minecraft that shoot arrows at you. They spawn in the dark, burn in sunlight, and drop bones and arrows."
*what*the nether*	echo "The Nether is a dangerous dimension in Minecraft full of lava, fire, and tough mobs like ghasts and piglins. You get there by building a portal out of obsidian."
*what*steam*	echo "Steam is an app where you can buy, download, and play PC games. It also lets you chat with friends and join game communities."
*how*install*game*	echo "On Linux: check your package manager (like Software Center), Steam, or the game's website. Download the installer and follow the instructions."
*what*a mod*	echo "A mod (short for modification) changes or adds things to a game. Mods can add new items, characters, maps, or change how the game works."
*what*texture pack*	echo "A texture pack changes how things look in a game like Minecraft — different colors, styles, or detail levels for blocks and items."
*what*shader*	echo "A shader makes game graphics look fancier — realistic lighting, shadows, water reflections, and sunrays. They can make your computer work harder though."
*what*FPS*	echo "FPS means Frames Per Second — how many pictures your screen draws each second. Higher FPS (like 60) looks smooth. Low FPS looks choppy."
*what*lag*	echo "Lag is when a game freezes, stutters, or feels slow. It can happen when your computer is working too hard or your internet is slow."
*what*ping*	echo "Ping is how fast your computer talks to a game server, measured in milliseconds. Lower ping = less delay. Under 50ms is great, over 150ms feels laggy."
*how*screenshot*	echo "Press the Print Screen key (PrtSc) to capture your screen. On many Linux desktops you can also press Shift+PrtSc to select an area."
*how*record*screen*	echo "Try OBS Studio (free) or the built-in screen recorder if your desktop has one. In GNOME, press Ctrl+Shift+Alt+R to start/stop recording."
*what*a noun*	echo "A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: dog, school, pizza, happiness. If you can put 'the' in front of it, it's probably a noun."
*what*a verb*	echo "A verb is an action word — something you DO. Run, jump, think, eat, sleep, read. Every sentence needs at least one verb."
*what*an adjective*	echo "An adjective describes a noun — it tells you what something is like. Big, small, red, fuzzy, scary, delicious. They make sentences more interesting."
*what*an adverb*	echo "An adverb describes how something is done. Many end in -ly: quickly, slowly, quietly, happily. It tells you HOW, WHEN, or WHERE something happens."
*what*a fraction*	echo "A fraction is a part of a whole. In 3/4, the bottom number (4) is how many equal pieces, and the top (3) is how many you have. Like 3 out of 4 pizza slices."
*what*a decimal*	echo "A decimal is another way to write parts of a whole using a dot. 0.5 means half, 0.25 means a quarter. The digits after the dot are tenths, hundredths, etc."
*what*a percentage*	echo "A percentage is a number out of 100. 50% means 50 out of 100, which is half. 100% means all of it. 25% means one quarter."
*how*multiply*	echo "Multiplying is fast adding. 4 × 3 means 4 + 4 + 4 = 12. Learn your times tables up to 12 and math gets way easier!"
*how*divide*	echo "Dividing means splitting into equal groups. 12 ÷ 3 means splitting 12 into 3 groups — each group gets 4. It's the opposite of multiplying."
*how*long division*	echo "Long division steps: 1) Divide the first digit(s). 2) Multiply. 3) Subtract. 4) Bring down the next digit. 5) Repeat. Remember: Divide, Multiply, Subtract, Bring down."
*what*solar system*	echo "The solar system is the Sun and everything orbiting it — 8 planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The Sun's gravity holds it all together."
*how many planets*	echo "There are 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Memory trick: My Very Excited Mother Just Served Us Nachos."
*what*photosynthesis*	echo "Photosynthesis is how plants make food. They use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make sugar (food) and release oxygen. That's why plants need sun and water!"
*what*ecosystem*	echo "An ecosystem is a community of living things (animals, plants) and their environment (water, soil, weather) all working together. A pond, a forest, or a desert are all ecosystems."
*what*a mammal*	echo "Mammals are warm-blooded animals that have hair or fur, breathe air, and feed babies milk. Dogs, cats, whales, bats, and humans are all mammals."
*what*a reptile*	echo "Reptiles are cold-blooded animals with scales that lay eggs. Snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are reptiles. They often sunbathe to warm up."
*what*an amphibian*	echo "Amphibians live in water AND on land. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are amphibians. They start life in water with gills, then grow lungs."
*what*water cycle*	echo "The water cycle: Sun heats water → it evaporates into clouds → clouds cool and rain falls → water flows into rivers and oceans → repeat forever!"
*what*evaporation*	echo "Evaporation is when liquid water turns into invisible water vapor (gas) from heat. That's why puddles disappear on sunny days — the water goes into the air."
*what*a continent*	echo "A continent is a giant landmass. There are 7: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica."
*how many continents*	echo "There are 7 continents: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Asia is the biggest."
*biggest country*	echo "Russia is the biggest country by area. Canada is second, then the USA and China. Russia is so big it spans 11 time zones!"
*what*gravity*	echo "Gravity is a force that pulls things toward each other. Earth's gravity keeps you on the ground and the Moon in orbit. The bigger something is, the stronger its pull."
*why*things fall*	echo "Things fall because Earth's gravity pulls everything toward its center. The heavier something is, the more gravity pulls it — but all objects fall at the same speed in a vacuum."
*george washington*	echo "George Washington was the first President of the United States (1789-1797). He led the American army in the Revolutionary War and is called the Father of His Country."
*abraham lincoln*	echo "Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President. He led the country through the Civil War and ended slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation. He's on the penny and the $5 bill."
*what*the constitution*	echo "The Constitution is the main set of rules for how the United States government works. It was written in 1787 and starts with 'We the People.'"
*what*bill of rights*	echo "The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments (additions) to the Constitution. They protect freedoms like speech, religion, and the press."
*when*america founded*	echo "The United States declared independence on July 4, 1776. The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."
*what*independence day*	echo "Independence Day is July 4th — the birthday of the United States. In 1776, America declared independence from Britain. People celebrate with fireworks, BBQs, and parades."
*why*sky blue*	echo "Sunlight has all colors mixed together. When it hits the atmosphere, blue light bounces around in all directions more than other colors. So wherever you look up, you see scattered blue light."
*why*grass green*	echo "Grass has a green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs red and blue light for photosynthesis but reflects green light back to your eyes."
*how*volcano*	echo "Deep underground, rock gets so hot it melts into magma. Pressure builds up and pushes the magma through cracks in Earth's surface. When it erupts, the magma is called lava."
*what*lava*	echo "Lava is melted rock that comes out of a volcano. It can be over 1000°C (1800°F)! When it cools down, it hardens into solid rock."
*how big*the sun*	echo "The Sun is HUGE — about 1.3 million Earths could fit inside it. It's 93 million miles away but so big and bright we can still feel its heat."
*how far*the moon*	echo "The Moon is about 239,000 miles (384,000 km) away. Light takes 1.3 seconds to get there. If you could drive a car nonstop, it would take about 5 months!"
*what*black hole*	echo "A black hole is a place in space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape — not even light. They form when giant stars collapse."
*what*a galaxy*	echo "A galaxy is a huge collection of stars, planets, gas, and dust held together by gravity. Our galaxy is the Milky Way — it has over 100 billion stars!"
*how*airplane*fly*	echo "Airplane wings are shaped so air moves faster over the top than the bottom. Faster air has lower pressure, so the wing gets pushed UP. That's called lift!"
*how*boat*float*	echo "Boats float because they push water out of the way (displacement). If the boat is lighter than the amount of water it pushes aside, it floats. Even heavy steel ships work because they're hollow inside."
*what*electricity*	echo "Electricity is the flow of tiny particles called electrons through a wire. It powers lights, computers, and everything you plug in. It moves almost as fast as light!"
*how*battery work*	echo "A battery stores energy as chemicals. When connected, a chemical reaction pushes electrons through the circuit from one end to the other, making electricity flow."
*what*a fossil*	echo "A fossil is the preserved remains of an ancient plant or animal found in rock. Over millions of years, bones and shells slowly turn to stone. They teach us about prehistoric life."
*how big*blue whale*	echo "A blue whale can be 100 feet long (30m) and weigh 200 tons — as heavy as 33 elephants! Its heart is about the size of a watermelon and weighs 400 pounds. It's the biggest animal that ever lived."
*fastest animal*	echo "The peregrine falcon is the fastest animal — it dives at over 240 mph (386 km/h)! On land, the cheetah is fastest at about 70 mph (112 km/h)."
*what*DNA*	echo "DNA is a tiny instruction manual inside every cell of your body. It's shaped like a twisted ladder and tells your body how to grow — your eye color, hair, height, everything."
*what*a cell*	echo "A cell is the tiniest building block of life. Your body has trillions of them! Each cell has a job — muscle cells move you, nerve cells send signals, blood cells carry oxygen."
*how*wifi work*	echo "WiFi sends information through invisible radio waves between your device and the router. The router is connected to the internet, so your device can talk to websites wirelessly."
*tell me a joke*	echo "Why did the scarecrow win an award? Because he was outstanding in his field!"
*tell me a riddle*	echo "I have cities but no houses, forests but no trees, and water but no fish. What am I? ...A map!"
*fun fact*	echo "Octopuses have three hearts and blue blood. Honey never spoils. A day on Venus is longer than its year. Bananas are berries but strawberries aren't!"
*something cool*	echo "There are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all of Earth's beaches. Also, neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoon of one would weigh a billion tons."
*im bored*	echo "Ideas: draw something, build with LEGO, learn a card trick, write a story, make a paper airplane, start a journal, learn to juggle, build a blanket fort, or try a new recipe!"
*what should i do*	echo "Try something creative! Draw, write a story, learn origami, build something, play a board game, go outside, read a book, or learn something new online."
*how*draw*cat*	echo "1) Draw a circle for the head. 2) Add two triangles on top for ears. 3) Draw an oval body below. 4) Add eyes, nose, whiskers, legs, and a curvy tail. Practice makes perfect!"
*how*draw*dog*	echo "1) Draw a circle for the head. 2) Add floppy or pointy ears. 3) Draw an oval body. 4) Add a snout, nose, eyes, four legs, and a wagging tail."
*how*make slime*	echo "Mix white glue with a little liquid starch or contact lens solution + baking soda. Stir until it pulls away from the bowl. Add food coloring if you want! Ask a parent to help."
*how*paper airplane*	echo "1) Fold paper in half lengthwise, unfold. 2) Fold top corners to center line. 3) Fold the new edges to center again. 4) Fold in half. 5) Fold wings down. Throw gently!"
*tongue twister*	echo "Try these: 'She sells seashells by the seashore.' 'Red lorry yellow lorry.' 'How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?'"
*rock paper scissors*	echo "Rock beats scissors, scissors beats paper, paper beats rock. On 'shoot!' pick one. It's pure luck — no trick to winning every time! Best of 3 is the classic way to play."
*what time*	echo "Run the command: date '+%I:%M %p' to see the current time."
*what day*	echo "Run the command: date '+%A, %B %d, %Y' to see today's date."
*how*set*timer*	echo "In the terminal, type: sleep 300 && notify-send 'Timer done!' (300 = seconds, so 300 is 5 minutes). Or try the GNOME Clocks app if you have it."
*timer*5 min*	echo "Run: sleep 300 && notify-send 'Your 5-minute timer is done!' (You can also use: termdown 5m if you have it installed.)"
*how*change*wallpaper*	echo "Right-click your desktop and look for 'Change Background' or go to Settings > Appearance > Background. Pick a picture you like!"
*how*change*password*	echo "Go to Settings > Users, then click on your account and change your password. Or in terminal: passwd (it will ask for your old and new password)."
*wifi not working*	echo "Try: 1) Toggle WiFi off and on. 2) Restart your computer. 3) Restart the router (unplug, wait 30 seconds, plug back in). 4) Ask a parent if the internet bill is paid."
*internet not working*	echo "Try: 1) Toggle WiFi off and on. 2) Restart your computer. 3) Restart the router. 4) Try a different website. 5) Ask a parent for help if it's still broken."
*sound not working*	echo "Check: 1) Is volume turned up? 2) Click the speaker icon and make sure it's not muted. 3) Are headphones plugged in? 4) Try: Settings > Sound and pick the right output."
*volume up*	echo "Click the speaker icon in your taskbar and slide it up, or try the volume keys on your keyboard. In terminal: amixer set Master 10%+"
*volume down*	echo "Click the speaker icon and slide it down, or use volume keys on your keyboard. In terminal: amixer set Master 10%-"
*how*open*file*	echo "Double-click the file, or right-click and choose 'Open With' to pick a program. In terminal: xdg-open filename"
*how*save*file*	echo "Press Ctrl+S in most programs. If it's a new file, it will ask you where to save it and what to name it. Save often so you don't lose work!"
*how*copy*paste*	echo "Select text, then Ctrl+C to copy. Click where you want it, then Ctrl+V to paste. Ctrl+X cuts (copies and removes). Works almost everywhere!"
*how*undo*	echo "Press Ctrl+Z to undo your last action. You can press it multiple times to undo more steps. Ctrl+Y or Ctrl+Shift+Z usually redoes what you undid."
#
# --- kids: missing entries from review ---
can*i*play*minecraft*on*this	echo "Yes! Install with: sudo apt install minecraft-launcher (or download from minecraft.net). You need a Minecraft account."
can*i*play*roblox*on*this	echo "Yes! Download from roblox.com/download. You need a Roblox account."
how*to*download*minecraft	echo "Go to minecraft.net, log in, download the Linux version, and install it. Ask a parent if you need help with the account."
how*to*download*roblox	echo "Go to roblox.com/download. Install the app. Ask a parent if you need an account."
how*to*get*robux	echo "Robux costs real money. Ask a parent before buying any. You can earn some by making games in Roblox Studio."
what*games*can*i*play	echo "Minecraft, Roblox, and browser games work on this computer. Type 'can i play' and the name of a game to check."
how*to*get*games	echo "Ask a parent to help install games. Some games are free (Roblox). Some cost money (Minecraft). Browser games work right away."
#
# --- minecraft recipes ---
how*to*make*a*sword	echo "Place 1 stick on the bottom, 2 of the same material above it (wood, stone, iron, gold, or diamond) in a crafting table."
how*to*make*a*pickaxe	echo "Place 1 stick in the bottom middle, 1 stick in the center, 3 of the same material across the top row in a crafting table."
how*to*find*diamonds	echo "Dig down to Y level -59 (press F3 to check). Branch mine: dig a long tunnel, then dig branches every 2 blocks to the sides."
how*to*tame*a*wolf	echo "Find a wolf in a forest or taiga. Give it bones (from skeletons) by right-clicking until hearts appear. Now it follows you!"
how*to*tame*a*dog	echo "Dogs are tamed wolves! Find a wolf, give it bones until hearts appear. Give it a dye to change the collar color."
how*to*make*a*bed	echo "Place 3 wool (same color) across the top and 3 wood planks across the bottom in a crafting table. Sleep to skip night!"
what*does*redstone*do	echo "Redstone is like electricity in Minecraft. It powers doors, pistons, lights, and traps. Think of it as wiring."
how*to*make*enchanting*table	echo "1 book on top, 2 diamonds on the sides, 4 obsidian on the bottom. Surround it with bookshelves for better enchantments."
what*is*the*nether	echo "A scary fire dimension you reach by building a portal out of obsidian (10 blocks minimum) and lighting it with flint and steel."
#
# --- pokemon ---
*pokemon*	echo "Pokemon is a game where you catch, train, and battle creatures. There are over 1000 Pokemon. The most famous is Pikachu."
who*is*pikachu	echo "Pikachu is an Electric-type Pokemon. It's yellow with red cheeks and a lightning bolt tail. Ash's partner in the show."
who*is*the*strongest*pokemon	echo "Arceus is called the creator of the Pokemon universe. Mewtwo is the strongest you can actually catch in most games."
what*is*a*pokemon*type	echo "Every Pokemon has a type like Fire, Water, Grass, Electric. Types are strong or weak against other types, like rock-paper-scissors."
#
# --- youtube / video ---
what*is*youtube	echo "YouTube is a website where people share videos. You can watch almost anything: music, games, science, funny stuff."
how*to*watch*youtube	echo "Open a browser and go to youtube.com. Search for what you want to watch. Ask a parent about screen time rules."
can*i*watch*videos	echo "Yes, open the browser and go to youtube.com or any video site. Ask a parent about what's OK to watch and for how long."
#
# --- emotional safety ---
im*scared	echo "That's OK. Take a deep breath. If something on the screen scared you, close the window. If something in real life scared you, go find a grown-up you trust."
i*dont*understand	echo "That's OK! Try asking in different words. Or type 'help' to see what you can do. Or ask a parent or teacher."
this*is*too*hard	echo "Take a break. It's OK to stop and come back later. If it's homework, ask your teacher to explain it a different way."
i*need*help	echo "Ask a parent or teacher. This computer can answer questions about things, but a person is better for human help."
i*miss*my*mom	echo "It's OK to miss people. If you can, tell a grown-up near you how you feel. Feelings are normal and important."
i*miss*my*dad	echo "It's OK to miss people. If you can, tell a grown-up near you how you feel. Feelings are normal and important."
#
# --- homework gaps ---
what*is*a*pronoun	echo "A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Instead of 'Sarah is nice,' you say 'She is nice.' He, she, it, they, we, I — all pronouns."
what*is*a*simile	echo "A comparison using 'like' or 'as.' Example: 'fast as a cheetah' or 'eyes like stars.'"
what*is*a*metaphor	echo "Saying something IS something else (without like or as). Example: 'the classroom was a zoo' or 'time is money.'"
what*is*area	echo "Area is how much space a flat shape covers. Rectangle: length x width. Square: side x side. Measured in square units."
what*is*perimeter	echo "Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a shape. Add up all the sides. A rectangle: 2 x (length + width)."
*multiplication table*	echo "1x1=1, 2x2=4, 3x3=9, 4x4=16, 5x5=25, 6x6=36, 7x7=49, 8x8=64, 9x9=81, 10x10=100, 11x11=121, 12x12=144"
*times table*	echo "1x1=1, 2x2=4, 3x3=9, 4x4=16, 5x5=25, 6x6=36, 7x7=49, 8x8=64, 9x9=81, 10x10=100, 11x11=121, 12x12=144"
how*to*tell*time	echo "The short hand is hours, the long hand is minutes. When the long hand is on 12, it's exactly the hour. On 6, it's half past."
what*is*a*rainbow	echo "Sunlight contains all colors. When light passes through raindrops, it bends and splits into red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet."
what*is*a*planet	echo "A big round object that orbits a star. Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun. There are 8 planets in our solar system."
how*many*minutes*in*an*hour	echo "60 minutes in an hour."
how*many*hours*in*a*day	echo "24 hours in a day."
#
# --- crisis redirect (subtract exits, human enters) ---
*depressed*	echo "Tell a grown-up you trust. If you can't think of one, call or text 988. You don't have to feel this way alone."
*want*to*die*	echo "Please talk to someone right now. Call or text 988. You matter."
*kill*myself*	echo "Please talk to someone right now. Call or text 988. You matter."
*suicide*	echo "Call or text 988. Talk to someone right now. You are not alone."
*hurt*myself*	echo "Tell a grown-up you trust right now. If you can't, call or text 988."
*nobody*likes*me*	echo "That feeling is real and it hurts. Tell someone you trust how you feel. If you can't think of anyone, call or text 988."
*hate*myself*	echo "Tell a grown-up you trust how you feel. If you can't think of one, call or text 988. You deserve help."
#
# --- clinical proper nouns (confabulation-unsafe at T1) ---
what*is*aim*aba	echo "AIM: Accept, Identify, Move. Mark Dixon's ACT-derived curriculum for building psychological flexibility in ABA contexts."
what*is*aim*program	echo "AIM: Accept, Identify, Move. Mark Dixon's ACT-derived curriculum. Distinct from PEAK."
what*is*an*antecedent	echo "A stimulus or event that precedes a behavior. The A in ABC (antecedent-behavior-consequence). Identifies what triggers the behavior."
what*is*abc*aba	echo "Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence. Three-term contingency. Foundation of functional assessment in ABA."
what*are*reinforcement*principles	echo "Consequences that increase future probability of behavior. Positive: adding a stimulus. Negative: removing a stimulus. Defined by effect on behavior, not by valence."
what*is*peak	echo "PEAK: Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge. Dixon. Relational frame theory applied to skill acquisition."
what*is*vb*mapp	echo "VB-MAPP: Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program. Sundberg. Assesses language and social skills based on Skinner's verbal behavior."
what*is*ablls	echo "ABLLS-R: Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills, Revised. Partington. Criterion-referenced assessment for children with ASD."
what*is*essential*for*living	echo "Essential for Living (EFL). McGreevy curriculum. Skills assessment and curriculum for individuals with significant disabilities."
what*is*functional*behavior*assessment	echo "FBA: systematic process to identify the function (purpose) of a behavior. Looks at antecedents, behavior, consequences to determine why the behavior occurs."
what*is*behavior*intervention*plan	echo "BIP: written plan based on FBA results. Describes replacement behaviors, prevention strategies, and response procedures. Required for behaviors impeding learning."
what*is*act*therapy	echo "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Hayes et al. Third-wave behavioral therapy. Six core processes: acceptance, defusion, present moment, self-as-context, values, committed action."
#
# --- web search / open URL (falls through from T0 before inference) ---
# $input is in scope during eval from the handler
search*for*	q="${input#*search for }"; q="${q// /+}"; /mnt/c/Windows/System32/cmd.exe /c start "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || xdg-open "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || open "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q"
search*	q="${input#*search }"; q="${q// /+}"; /mnt/c/Windows/System32/cmd.exe /c start "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || xdg-open "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || open "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q"
google*	q="${input#*google }"; q="${q// /+}"; /mnt/c/Windows/System32/cmd.exe /c start "https://www.google.com/search?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || xdg-open "https://www.google.com/search?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || open "https://www.google.com/search?q=$q"
look*up*	q="${input#*look up }"; q="${q// /+}"; /mnt/c/Windows/System32/cmd.exe /c start "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || xdg-open "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q" 2>/dev/null || open "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=$q"
go*to*	q="${input#*go to }"; /mnt/c/Windows/System32/cmd.exe /c start "https://$q" 2>/dev/null || xdg-open "https://$q" 2>/dev/null || open "https://$q"
open*site*	q="${input#*open site }"; /mnt/c/Windows/System32/cmd.exe /c start "https://$q" 2>/dev/null || xdg-open "https://$q" 2>/dev/null || open "https://$q"
what*is*possession*byatt	echo "Possession: A Romance (1990). A.S. Byatt. Two modern scholars trace two Victorian poets whose secret correspondence mirrors their own. A novel about the act of research itself — what it costs to hold someone else's words."
#
# --- livingledger: formation authors and professors ---
what*is*tender*buttons	echo "Tender Buttons (1914). Gertrude Stein. Pre-freshman summer reading, DePaul honors program. The governor's honest response: nope."
who*is*ted*st*martin	echo "Ted St. Martin. The Art of Shooting Baskets. The first man page the governor read on a driveway with a basketball. LIVINGLEDGER entry."
who*is*gertrude*stein	kiwix-search Gertrude Stein
who*is*as*byatt	kiwix-search A. S. Byatt
who*is*byatt	kiwix-search A. S. Byatt
who*is*william*mcneill	echo "William McNeill. DePaul honors Introduction to Philosophy. The entry point. His journals are the earliest documented layer of the governor's self-as-first-trust-root. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*sylvia*escarcega	echo "Sylvia Escarcega. DePaul. Part of the formation cohort across discipline and time. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*charles*block	echo "Charles Block. Berkeley, possibly U of Chicago. Recommended Edinburgh Divinity for post-grad on the Nogales trip. The governor scoffed at divinity. The architecture arrived anyway. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*charles*strain	echo "Charles Strain. DePaul. 40+ years, one of the most demanding and respected faculty. The postmodern critique testing ground. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*david*jabon	echo "David Jabon. DePaul professor. LIVINGLEDGER entry."
who*is*father*halstead	echo "Father James Halstead. DePaul religious studies. Business Ethics. Deep dive into Aristotle. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*aronson	echo "Ronald Aronson. DePaul. Taught the Sartre course that sparked deep knowledge of Camus. Sartre was the counterexample. Camus was the correct choice. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*franklin*perkins	echo "Franklin Perkins. DePaul. Great teacher of comparative literature learned in his 20s to earn a young PhD. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*theresa*hinga	echo "Theresa Hinga. DePaul religious studies with cosmological focus. LIVINGLEDGER."
who*is*peter*steeves	echo "Peter Steeves. DePaul professor. LIVINGLEDGER entry."

# --- AI gotcha questions (deterministic, never route to inference) ---
*car*wash*walk*or*drive*	echo "Drive. The car has to be at the car wash."
*should*i*walk*or*drive*car*wash*	echo "Drive. The car has to be at the car wash."
*how*many*r*in*strawberry*	echo "3. s-t-r-a-w-b-e-r-r-y."
*how*many*r*strawberry*	echo "3. s-t-r-a-w-b-e-r-r-y."
*pound*of*feathers*or*pound*of*	echo "Same weight. A pound is a pound."
*kilogram*of*steel*or*kilogram*of*	echo "Same weight. A kilogram is a kilogram."
*kilogram*of*feathers*or*kilogram*of*	echo "Same weight. A kilogram is a kilogram."
*which*is*heavier*pound*	echo "Same weight. A pound is a pound."
*plane*crashes*on*the*border*bury*the*survivors*	echo "You don't bury survivors."
*where*do*you*bury*the*survivors*	echo "You don't bury survivors."
*rooster*lays*an*egg*which*way*	echo "Roosters don't lay eggs."
*running*a*race*pass*the*person*in*second*place*	echo "You're in 2nd place. You passed them, not overtook everyone."
*pass*the*person*in*2nd*place*what*place*	echo "You're in 2nd place. You passed them, not overtook everyone."
*surgeon*says*can*t*operate*this*is*my*son*	echo "The surgeon is his mother."
*how*many*months*have*28*days*	echo "All 12."
*father*and*son*accident*surgeon*	echo "The surgeon is his mother."